UNHRC Study Guide - World Model United Nations

United Nations
Human Rights
Council
World Model United Nations 2013
STUDY GUIDE

Contact Us
World Model United Nations 2013
info@worldmun.org
www.worldmun.org
CONTENTS
Letters
Letter from the Secretary General
Letter from the Under-Secretary General
Letter from the Chair
Introduction
History of the Committee
4
5
6
7
7
7
18
21
24
25
25
25
36
36
42
44
44
45
45
45
48
Topic A: Femicide in Latin America
History and Discussion of the Problem
Key Actors and Positions
Proposed Solutions
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
Suggestions for Further Research
Topic B: Rights of the Child in Somalia
Statement of the Problem
History and Discussion
Recent Action
Proposed Solutions
Key Actors and Positions
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
Suggestions for Further Research
Position Papers
Closing Remarks
Endnotes
Bibliography

LETTERS

Letter from the Secretary-General
Dear Delegates,
It is my pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 22nd session of World Model United
Nations! My name is Charlene Wong, and I am the Secretary-General of WorldMUN 2013.
topic areas.
We encourage you to use this study guide as the starting point for your exploration of
-
including our WorldMUN 101 Guide and Rules of Procedure, updated for this year. Both
in March!
Sincerely,
Charlene S. Wong
Secretary-General
World Model United Nations 2013
secretarygeneral@worldmun.org
4

Letter from the Under-Secretary-General
Dear Delegates,
-
Under Secretary-General of the Economic and Social Council and Regional Bodies and am
-
Under-Secretary-General of the Economic
and Social Council & Regional Bodies
World Model United Nations 2013
ecosoc@worldmun.org
5

Letter from the Chair
Dear delegates,
-
-
Ballroom Dance Team.
Best,
Lotus Cannon
Council
World Model United Nations 2013
unhrc@worldmun.org
6

Introduction
for strengthening the promotion and protection of
to address all thematic human rights issues and
especially high in Latin American countries, where
History of the Committee
and mechanisms. These mechanisms included the
attention of the Council.
The Council meets in regular session at least three
additional special sessions if needed, and reports to
rights standards at home. The UN mission states that
Rights. These consist of special rapporteurs, special
report on thematic issues or human rights situations
Topic A: Femicide in Latin
America
Origins of the term femicide
th
term femicide, which has its roots in larger feminist
discourse that addresses the patriarchal nature of
repressing women. Some clarity issues stem from
7

The Human Rights Council
Source: Mission of the United States Geneva
means woman or female. The fact that the term has
yet to expand into mainstream political discourse
term that the silencing power of male structures
forms. 1 The emergence of the term coincided with
attempted to name their own experiences and create
against women.
itself, the term was introduced into literary discourse
prepared an anthology of femicide. Rather than
the sole reason that they are women. It is proposed
2 The term,
preference for male children. Authors Radford and
8

that the nature of femicide is contingent upon the
cultural, economic and social character of the society
Rise in Latin America
it is one which has seen a dramatic increase in recent
years. 3 In this article we suggest that femicide is an
in the community and in their relations with the
machismo masculinity. Femicide represents a
away from traditional female roles. These are deaths
that cause no political stir and no stutter in the
them, and the perpetrators go unpunished. 4
raped and murdered women on waste ground on the
Femicide is
issues. Protests and attempts at progress in fact
to perform regional studies to compare trends in
women die each year as a result of femicide or other
since 2001.
destroy property in order to threaten the enemy.
These criminals represent a new group of perpetrators
category of femicide as a hate crime against women. 7
out. Similar crimes are also reported elsewhere in the
were found with their legs open as a demonstration
of male power; and two young women were found
dead with a message to the former presidential
instance homo- sexual men or transsexuals, are at
does not underlie the murder of men on the whole.
9

the spread of murder of women, addressed this
issue. Incomplete murder rates cited in the NGO
2004, 143 in Peru during 2003, and more than 2,000 in
A woman holding a sign that reads ‘Together and United for Justice’
at the annual International Day for the Elimination of Violence
against Women march in Guatemala City on Nov. 25, 2011, which
aims to raise public awareness of violence against women.
Source: Christian Science Monitor
other sources.
country to country. In Costa Rica, for example, migrant
women are especially targeted. In Nicaragua, where
society. Women in these situations yield little power
densely populated areas and are poor. 10 Other studies
show that the murdered women are nearly all young
11 This underscores one
a woman, as ultimately powerless and worthless.
spurred the expansion of cheap leisure entertainment
and commercial sex, further ruining the image of
wages higher than in the interior of Mexico, are not
stripped them of their human rights and encouraged
them with prostitutes are commonplace in Mexico,
explains that “the dual economy of the sex trade
10

women for their place in society. This attitude
at fault for the rapes and murders committed against
them. 12
promiscuity.
most dangerous regions for femicides according to
the highest femicide rates come from Latin America
Latin America and the Caribbean are among the world’s most dangerous regions for femicides
13
examples of hate crimes against women in the
hemisphere. 14
not only for its appalling amount of crimes against
law and are entitled without any discrimination
remain in impunity, exemption from punishment,
11

from the authorities, such as failure to promptly open
Less than four
under the law during the entire
year. “Women in Guatemala
Guatemala researcher at
of political will along with a
pursue perpetrators, or just
The laws fail to protect
women to such an extent
that U.S. immigration lawyers
returning to a country with no safety net for women. 17
2,200 women and girls since 2001. In a city where laws
crimes are still at large. In the past decade, close to
year, many of them women
local authorities.
Guatemala has the highest
Central America and Mexico,
and Costa Rica. 20 Femicides
the past few days, including
Argentina, Chile, Mexico and
Puerto Rico. In Argentina
musician, was accused of
a local study in Chile the
accused of murdering at least eight women escaped
femicide. 21
Another woman goes missing in Guatemala, the
12

countries with the highest rates of femicides also tend
within countries such as Mexico where the national
22
A Culture of Gender Discrimination: Machismo and
misogyny
In Guatemala, a societal tolerance and perpetuation
women increasingly must support their households
singlehandedly, forcing them to search for outside
has also seen an appalling rise. On the military front,
Unit of approximately one million men were trained
to commit acts of emotional and physical gendered
through any program to transition from this wartime
mentality. 23
Corruption and Impunity
to the police is often not a safe option as so many
24 In Guatemala, as those who are
their gender. In 2011 the Guatemalan Congress made
resolution, “State institutions are to act with the
greatest of speed and due diligence in cases of
The underlying impunity and corruption present
femicides continually increases. According to INEGI
(The National Institute of Statistics Geography and
including disappearances of women that continue
13

is largely due to the failure of Mexican authorities to
to protect perpetrators of femicide and understate
27 Relations
discuss the phenomenon of femicide in Latin America,
femicide, such as raising European awareness of
the general disregard for human rights, they found it
necessary to examine the systematic and structural
discrimination against women and patriarchal role
perceptions that are tolerated and perpetuated
rights and the right to lead a self-determined life,
undermining their status as legal entities in the
process. The air of impunity surrounding these crimes
of the phenomenon, ending impunity, and forcing
handle the issue.
concern of the countries with data, especially in
and rates of femicide impunity that are “normally
femicide platform stated that the cause of femicide
is the persistence of sexism and misogyny, and
“social impunity continues and does not denounce
30
Source: ABC News
After the US increased law enforcement on the
through their country. 31
70 percent of whom were females, according to
14

alarmingly high proportion of women among the
The region has seen a huge rise in murders of women
same period in 2011, Guatemala remains one of the
those seen to associate with gangs, either through
lawyer Patsil Toledo has noted, as well as helping to
and intimidation to the authorities. For example, in
May last year, a gang in Guatemala decapitated a
Source: Media Global
warning the authorities not to go through with plans
greater impunity, which in turn fuels more criminal
of criminal groups in Central America into human
countries for the sex trade, with gangs recruiting
15

of the war on drugs and until the drug policy is
to the Summit of the Americas in April, a union of
the JASS report that in Guatemala, “The war on drugs
32 The report suggests that there is a direct
the same people and sectors that planned and carried
out the campaigns of State terrorism and repression
Klee, a former guerrilla and currently a professor
in Guatemala, told Toward Freedom that, “In
16

33
the institutions and political culture necessary for
and assured the continued domination of foreign
Human Rights Action
While the trend of impunity and threats continues
awareness in Latin America, and more women willing
34
police units, some of them with an all-women force, so
femicide. The political will to address the situation
with the international community, including non-
17

legislation.
37
to the Mexican President. Actors Jane Fonda and
A femicide march in Ciudad Juarez
murders.
Key Actors and Positions
Criminal Justice in April 2012, showed that femicide is
other factors highlight the peculiarity of femicide, in
related. For many women the most unsafe place is
presence of a gun in the household increases these
of truth. Due to widespread impunity and tolerance,
as manslaughter or unintentional homicide, often due
women.
discrimination spans all social and economic groups,
as well as many countries. The phenomenon, which
are held around the world, is an old facet of many
is seen as an economic asset. In India, for example, 10
This discrimination has led to an increasing gender
a projection of a short clip on femicide in India: “I
40
The UN estimates that there are 200 million
cultures of sons to daughters. The countries of South
18

Asia, East Asia, West Asia and Saharan Africa are
Preferring sons to daughters has a long history
all historical societies, whether in Europe, Africa,
Americas or Asia. As property
and lineage generally passes
through the male heirs,
factors certainly appear to
areas. According to the
United Nations population
female ratio was 101.7 in
2000. In China, this ratio
and in Bangladesh it was
Japan these ratios were less
and customs. In other societies, such as many
European countries, the transition from feudalism
ideas. In Europe this meant replacement of feudalism
41
material that highlights the
One of these scenes shows an
Indian woman who, laughing,
eight infant daughters. India
and China are said to eliminate
more female infants than the
each year. Lianyungang in China
has the worst infant gender
and malnutrition, many times
leading to death. Especially in
areas where shelter, food and medical aid are scarce,
Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces to
42
19

commonplace and is a major cause of girl femicide.
directed at mothers. Women are facing extreme
Asia, two factors particularly suggest that femicide
codes, onerous cultural expectations and demanding
female infant ratio in Kashmir in 2001 led him and his
43
Italy: 127 in 2010, 137 in 2011 and already 37 femicides,
cases of female homicides. Only a small proportion
patriarchal culture. 44
20

media also plays a role in spreading misconceptions
Italy is more widespread and complex.
Proposed Solutions
discrimination to light and encourage women to
The Commission aims to raise awareness of the
Mexico. They discuss issues, such as the existence,
women in Latin America. Tostan, a community-led
female genital mutilation and child marriage. Since
through community-wide education on health,
all girls to attend school and reduce the occurrence
of early marriage. Informing parents, instructors, and
girls in school. Uganda has used similar methods of
Source: Upside Down World
strategies to educate youth on safety and health in
Equality
launched its new Operational Policy on Gender
21

47
examples of gender mainstreaming, such as the
to facilities and health programs for women with
integration strategy with the International Center for
Research on Women. The MIF has supported female
moderator of the session stated that, “The Action
Plan was prepared in a highly participatory way, with
and our new Gender Policy is the ideal instrument to
you that UN Women is renewing its commitment to
and men in the countries of the region, as well as to
report, femicide had a separate chapter. The research
rates. According to their research, the majority of the
countries, mostly in Africa and Asia, fall in a grey area.
femicide rates and the paradox that some countries
against women for the EU prompted the European
Statistician and Team Coordinator for the Freedom &
Justice Department of the European Union Agency
for Fundamental Rights, introduced an ongoing
22

Source: Slate
and the UN Economic Commission for Europe, the
EU is not usually the focus for international programs
and funding considerations directed such projects to
other areas of the world.
the study in order to ensure that the data gathered
handle potentially challenging situations that may
23

Dr. Janice Joseph, Professor of Criminal Justice at
most common form, intimate femicide, there is also
has the highest female mortality rate in the world
pass a law against femicide, still maintains a climate
of complacency and complicity with the perpetrators.
The international community has in recent years
responses from the EU and the Congress. John
President of the International Association of Anti-
Corruption Authorities and former Director of the
and the Prenatal Determination Act outlawed gender
for marriage and action against unregistered or noncompliant
clinics fail to intercept registered medical
argue that the demand for eliminating female fetuses
the New Statesmen, Laurie Penny discussed how
of raising a child and a dowry will persist. A solution
addressing dated cultural attitudes directly through
enforced.
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
1.
American Countries to highlight its importance
as a separate issue?
24

2.
3.
gender discrimination?
4.
addressed in legislation and enforcement?
legislation and hold perpetrators of femicide
Suggestions for Further Research
of meetings held to discuss issues of femicide and
gender discrimination, such as the meeting held
More information on United Nations action on
UN Women, a site dedicated to the United Nations
Women. The Academic Council on the United Nations
that contains the pressing issues discussed in the
areas.
Topic B: Rights of the Child in
Somalia
including forced recruitment as soldiers, forced
as well as other roles that put them in danger and
right to education, already in danger due to a low
and teachers. Fear of the powerful extremist group
the educational system and the current dire state of
state of constant fear. As a result of extreme corruption
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
25

world leaders decided that children needed a special
years old often need special care and protection that
right to participate fully in family, cultural and social
life. The four core principles
the child; the right to life,
inherent to the human
dignity and harmonious
standards in health care;
legal systems and cultural
minimum entitlements and freedoms that should
gender, language, religion, opinions, origins, wealth,
of a country not to infringe on the parallel rights of
contingent upon other rights. By agreeing to
the international community. State parties to the
of the child.
Somalia has experienced
Somalia there are two states:
the state of Somaliland, which
separate nation, and Puntland,
of the Somali Federation.
Since emerging from an era
of colonialism under Italy and
Britain, Somalia has passed
through military dictatorship,
fragmentation. The British
protectorate of Somaliland
gained independence on June
Italian Somaliland territory to
26

In early 2010 Al-
including a large part of the capital, Mogadishu,
where it imposed a harsh form of Sharia law. Al-
Mogadishu and other parts of south-central Somalia
years, Ethiopia and the fragile TFG of Somalia, set
torture, and looting, none of which was remedied. At
Ethiopian forces, namely the US, the UN, and the EU,
Ahmed, the former head of the ICU, was elected the
new TFG president. While many Somalis expected the
resulted in high casualties and displacement of tens
their supporting militias, including Ahlu Sunna Wal
and the transitional period for another year. The
for the resignation of the popular prime minister,
elections to 2012. The document also called for the
27

Abduction and Military Recruitment of Children
The recruitment and use of children in the military
reports indicated that child recruitment increased
training in 2010. The current Somali parties to the
A Somali Child being taught to hold a gun
from their schools. The frightening reality of forced
children multiple special protections, which all parties
in hostilities.
28

2010, two of his primary school classmates lured him
of stringent age screening procedures. Former child
the children were sent to the front lines or forced to
and threatening children to join their forces. Children
children to study religious propaganda as part of their
them money they will join.... A whole generation,
hunger. There is nowhere to go, just to get a gun
uses children regularly as intelligence gatherers or
age, usually instructing them to pressure their peers
pretend they are an imam [preacher] and use Islamic
some territory in late 2010 and early 2011 in Mogadishu,
families release them to join their forces. Parents,
parents to sign an agreement allowing their children
Watch, “Two fathers who refused to sign were
threatened in the meeting and told they would not
is what would happen to any parent who refused to
Training Camps
harsh physical conditions they faced at the camps,
food to eat, and grueling physical training schedules
29

orders and attempting to escape to accusations of
inappropriate, or young people listening to music on
are at a training camp in the Afgooye Corridor, west of Mogadishu,
Source: Human Rights Watch
of children joining the TFG in order to earn money and
children who are without care and protection, such
and international contacts of children within TFG-
UN secretary-general reported on the presence of
structure in the screening procedures and standards
for admittance into the military and thus they
cannot guarantee that all recruits are of age. The
formal command and control mechanisms are made
up of an array of groups, including allied militia and
structure within the TFG forces is clearly a challenge
well as the complexity of age screening in Somalia,
challenges do not negate the need for formal and
systematic screening standards and procedures.
these complexities in other contexts, with Nepal cited
30

calls for integration of TFG-aligned militias into the
TFG forces, putting in place systematic screening
of militia forces is crucial if the use of child soldiers is
to cease.
While recruits for TFG forces who undergo EUfunded
training in Uganda are formally screened for
to ensure that all its military
units or militias under its control
allied militias to use children under
International human rights law places important
Rights Watch opposes all non-consensual, or forced,
marriages of women and girls, and calls on states
International humanitarian law and international
Threat to Education
read and write. The majority of schools are located
the countryside from attending. Most families also
only a third of students at schools are female. Many
south-central Somalia, all located in Mogadishu, the
national or international donors
Education Cluster, the UNICEF
schools in these regions, though
in south-central Somalia is
that exist located in Mogadishu.
to UNICEF, Somalia has one of the lowest rates of
school enrollment in the world, with a net primary
school enrollment rate of around 23 percent in 2010.
enrollment ratio was only 23 percent of girls, in
Enrollment in secondary schools is minimal; gross
four months of 2011. While the situation regarding the
education system in south-central Somalia is clearly
31

threatening these already fragile and limited
educational opportunities for children. In their
operations, literally transforming schools into
and TFG forces, intentionally endangering students
the death of students in or near school compounds,
has used schools for weapons training and storage
damaged and students and teachers were wounded
human rights law. The extremist group has used
schools as a primary method to recruit students as
of Islam, such as English, threatening and at times
recruit students into their forces, replacing teachers
simply losing the opportunity to study the language;
dropped out disproportionately.
closed. A handful of schools, along with teachers and
children from joining the group or who teach English
Children,
measures to escape recruitment. One witness said
Girls’ Right to Education
widespread population displacement and paralysis
challenges of access to education for girls. Cultural
regions, illiteracy is widespread, particularly amongst
women. According to UNICEF, the country had only
a 22 percent primary school enrollment in 2004, nine
education in Somalia. Illiteracy is also widespread in
32

amongst women. According to UNICEF, the region
had only a 22 percent primary school enrolment in
of Somaliland
appointed two
women to its
women, much
done to redress
the gender
the society.
support women
to engage in
micro-finance,
and allocate
representation are needed. Gender-related disparities
showed that only 37 percent of pupils at the lower
toward reducing the gender disparity, and results
including social factors such as the traditionally early
marriage of Somali girls during their school-going
age. Other more general limitations to education in
hinder the proper
aid. The women and
children in Somalia
often face the worst
famine. Children are
to malnutrition,
which decreases
to care for their
families.
While drought
were large factors,
In July, the UN declared a famine in two regions of
centers of malnutrition and famine are in Southern
70
A severely malnourished baby in the pediatric unit of a hospital in the Rift Valley
33

The Horn of Africa going through a water crisis
areas in January. This political action has now placed
many Somali people in a seemingly hopeless state,
71
rains, which allowed for the planting of crops. The
any gains made. We appeal to all factions in Somalia
to allow humanitarian actors to reach people most
ridden countries such as Somalia. Pressure for change
72
the poorest countries in the world. According to
34

such as agriculture, etc. Due to these circumstances,
illnesses, such as pneumonia. While farming is the
most common occupation in Somalia, droughts and
of crops. 73
Limited Access to Clean Water
to these reasons. 74
dehydration and illnesses, such as diarrhea, malaria
and pneumonia. Cholera epidemics also occur yearly.
and medical care could help reduce this mortality
Children’s Rights Advocacy in Somalia
special dispensation in court that correlates directly to
Article 40 of the CRC. “Adherence to and application
CRC is assessed.
declared their intention to incorporate the principles
77
commonly recruited into the local militia. Since then,
child protection programs and other support
the promotion of child protection and the protection
35

Child Rights Unit and plans to create a legal aid center
of children in Somalia is concerned yet hopeful. The
the U.N. in July 2011.
Recent Action
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense,
Nations. The action plan responds to the UN Security
the Somali National Armed Forces, allied militia and
maiming of children in accordance with international
for recruitment and use of children since 2007 and for
with regards to the protection of children after the
signing of an action plan on the recruitment and use
of children on July 3, 2012 during the International
Contact Group meeting in Rome.
commitments.
soldiering in Somalia and to designate a focal person
Council in May 2011, the TFG delegation committed
again to eradicating the practice of child soldiering.
an action plan when they met with the special
all TFG commanders calling on them to identify cases
perpetrators to account either through disciplinary
action or, if necessary, court martial.
of Defense has recently added a focal point on child
of a plan to stop child recruitment in the military will
determine whether the TFG and its allied militias can
to account for the recruitment and use of children.
Proposed Solutions
36

The United Nations has supported the creation
commission, a new federal structure and a smaller
parliament with greater representation for women in
Somalia. The UN has made attempts to welcome all
Somalis, including those from the semi-autonomous
spurned politically. Some analysts wonder whether
reaching a political settlement, which will necessarily
UN Security Council agreed to increase the Amisom
expand its areas of operation. The International Crisis
Kenya, and undermining recent economic and political
surprisingly successful performances. An Amisom
relief agencies with the UN refugee agency fearing
stretch of road just north-west of Mogadishu that is
home to almost 410,000 internally displaced persons
NGOs propose that an independent and impartial
and confront perpetrators.
surprisingly defeated the warlords. The UIC had
Mogadishu airport and seaport were reopened and
Getting Somalia Wrong: “Because the courts emerged
This UIC experiment came to a halt when Ethiopia,
37

on Terror. The dictator, Muhammad Siad Barre, was
ousted and Somaliland, a former British protectorate,
“By interfering
and sponsoring
foreign powers
Somalis from
of Africa expert.
“Somalis need
their own political
to restrain
the situation will
At the
day, and which remain as mere words on pieces of
method than
forceful military
Prime Minister
of Somalia,
Professor
Mohamed Ali,
stated that he
is prepared to
discuss peaceful
resolutions with
Radio Garowe
troops, and target assassinations in Puntland. Despite
Members of al Shabaab parade in the Somali capital, Mogadishu
Source: Reuters
London Conference on Somalia
to Somalia at a conference in London, where senior
38

more humanitarian aid, support for African Union
Cameron appears hopeful that a reassessment
country.
In regard to the political situation in Somalia, they
security, while African Union forces and Kenyan
of Mogadishu to create political space, the African
success stories, such as in Puntland and Galmudug,
and administrations set up. The Islamist militants
were forced out of Mogadishu last year, and are
under pressure from Kenyan, Ethiopian and Somali
Baidoa, in the Southwest of the country.
The delegates made it clear that the time for
presidents at the conference, one representing the
noisy demonstrations, all shouting and singing for
From a humanitarian aspect, the Conference
highlighted the need for donors to continue to
39

solutions for refugees. The Conference attempted
to create a reformed International Contact Group,
encourage UN and African leadership and the
with al-Qaeda showed that “it is not on the side of
she addressed the willingness of the international
community to engage with anyone who would
from many Somali factions attended the London
militant group denounced the London conference
us under trusteeship and we will not allow that. God
willing we will face the outcome with full force and
Rage.
humanitarian aid, shifting focus to long-term needs,
Management Board. Future success is still dependent
commitment and concrete action, including from
International on education projects in Somalia.
The Trust aims to produce 30-minute educational
AET and CARE assist with the logistics of setting up
discussion. All participants of the study were enrolled
groups and engaged in a total of eight discussions.
program content on the issue.
40

educated mother. Approximately half of respondents
had learned to read and write as children and nearly
missing out on this opportunity and showed optimism
programming.
Q u e s t i o n s
regarding
specifically
to family and
health elicited
answers. Respondents widely named the role of
the expectation that an educated mother would
religious, economic, psychological, and logistical.
they should dress and act and the age for marriage.
or hinders the education of girls; some respondents
many others
noted that
Islam places
on education,
regardless
of gender.
While most
r e s p o n d e n t s
their children to school. Logistical issues, such as long
respondents.
addressing the issues of program content to promote
education. Other data collected in the study also
an immediate challenge to families and most of
more focused on the long-term. Respondents did
41

to the short-term health of female children or to
Key Actors and Positions
The African Union, the United Nations and the
Britain
also pose a direct threat to British interests. Fears
a place of extremist indoctrination for increasing
cities.
what goes on in Somalia is of interest and we must
funding Amisom [the African Union force in Somalia]
to hold a conference of its own on Somalia focusing
as another example of his mission to recreate the
North Africa and the Middle East. Iran and Qatar are
United States
African Union force in Somalia. US Secretary of State
could lead to policies that draw more recruits to the
national and regional institutions. State Department
nothing less than the restoration of an entire country
Somali warlords and conducting house-to-house
42

Source: RBC Radio
proxy. Although the group poses no direct threat to
threat of Al Qaeda could produce policy decisions
AMISOM
has supported missions with the agreement that no
Committee on the Rights of the Child
a group of independent experts that is in charge of
prostitution and child pornography. The Committee
its own interpretation of the content of human rights
the two optional protocols. The Protocol opens
for signature in 2012 and enters into force upon
43

status of implementation of the rights. They must also
other committees with competence to consider
is raising awareness among mass and opinion-forming
Education Trust and Care International, produced and
and arithmetic to adults and children in Somalia. The
and writing is taught through discussion of themes
particularly important for women and girls, who
are often expected to do household chores during
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
1.
rights in Somalia and what are the main causes
2.
3.
4.
joining the military?
What types of programs could increase the
importance of education for Somali people
and increase enrollment of children, and girls
in particular, in school?
Somalia?
7.
of life of Somali children?
forced recruitment?
Suggestions for Further Research
44

Times.
Position Papers
Position papers are a chance for you to outline your
the nation you are representing. Each nation has its
own primary concerns and interests within the topic,
its geography, economy, culture, history and political
situation for starters. Use the QARMAs to guide you
further in your research as well.
areas. Please email these to the committee email
Closing Remarks
guide and enhance your research and preparation
around the world. I am excited to see you all this
and present some great ideas in committee!
the walls of the committee room. Therefore we are
pleased to announce that resolutions passed at the
Endnotes
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2
3
4
Paterson, Kent .Femicide On the Rise in Latin
latin-america-feminism.
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tops.html.
22
23
ProgressAgainstImpunity.pdf.
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41
42 Mashru, Ram.
43 Mashru, Ram.
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and action plan with Michelle Bachelet of UN
Mashru, Ram.
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Somalia Signs Action Plan on Killing and Maiming
Bruton, Bronwyn, Pham, J. Peter, The Splintering of
47

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BBC News
The National Interest. The National Interest, 30
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International Viewpoint
Oct. 2012.
Sept. 2012.
The Independent. Independent Digital
BBC World Service Trust. UNICEF,
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The Guardian. Guardian News
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