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second example concerns allegations that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) took advantage of the U.S. network of global bases to transport prisoners to third-party countries where they were tortured during interrogation. In 2006, Swiss rapporteur and Senator Dick Marty presented a report to the Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly that alleged that 14 European countries had collaborated to facilitate a spider’s web of illegal flights. The report also alleged that the u.S. operated on-site prisons and detention facilities on military bases in Kosovo, Romania, and Poland. 173 Public opinion polls provide evidence that these hypocrisy costs have inflicted considerable damage on America’s international prestige and legitimacy. In January 2007 an international poll of over 26,000 respondents from 25 countries conducted by the Program on international Policy Attitudes indicated that 67% of participants disapproved of the U.S. government’s treatment of Guantanamo detainees, while the overall view of the U.S. role in world affairs as “mainly negative” had risen from 46% in 2005 to 52% in 2007. The same poll found that 67% of respondents believed that U.S. forces in the Middle East “provokes more conflict than it prevents,” compared with 17% that view it as a stabilizing force. While the costs of anti-Americanism are often difficult to assess, increasing public hostility to the U.S. has complicated its ability to negotiate favorable basing agreements. 174 Mobilization of Transnational Anti-Base Movement Globalization affords more opportunities to non-state actors to network and mobilize across peripheries. The rise of transnational networks of NGOs has been facilitated by the rise of cheap information technologies like the Internet, cell phones, and new media. these technologies allow even small NGOs to project their claims on a global level. Consistent with the rise of other transitional NGOs in other domains, anti-base NGOs and coalitions have proliferated throughout the 1990s and 2000s, first networking disparate movements within countries into anti-base coalitions and then extending across borders. These groups now stage anti-base campaigns and highlight base-related issues such as the environmental impact of bases, crimes and accidents involving U.S. troops, the terms of the SOFA, and the sex trade surrounding U.S. troops presence. 175 Anti-base movements from around the world have begun to hold joint conferences, including a 2003 conference in Jakarta in which NGOs from 26 countries participated and produced the joint declaration “Jakarta Peace Consensus” that demanded the removal of U.S. overseas bases. In March 2007, the new International Coalition for the Abolition of Foreign Military Bases held the largest anti-base conference to date in Ecuador, with the participation of 400 activists from over 40 individual countries. 176 The demonstration effects of global anti-base campaigns have even prompted new anti-base protests to emerge in countries such as Turkey and Italy, hosts that historically have witnessed very little anti-base protests by domestic civil society groups. For example, in Turkey during the 2003 run-up to the vote in the Turkish parliament to authorize the use of Turkish territory to the U.S. military, anti-base groups organized unprecedented anti-war rallies and protests. Similarly, in February 2007, tens of thousands of demonstrators took to the street of Vicenza to protest the Italian government’s plan to expand the base at Vicenza to accommodate additional u.S. troops from Germany. the demonstrations in Italy actually precipitated a “no confidence” vote that briefly brought down Romano Prodi’s left-wing political coalition and were remarkable for a host country that traditionally has been one of the most 36 Melbourne Host Directorate PTY LTD | Office of Media and Design
supportive of U.S. presence. 177 Re-Emergent Russia After World War II, the Soviet Union used military bases as a way to counter the United States’ containment policy. The Soviets tightened control over its satellite states and built military bases on their territories. Furthermore, they built bases to station troops in countries close to the u.S. and its allies. The success of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 brought a new ally into the Soviet’s sphere of influence. Soon afterward, the Soviets built a vast military infrastructure on the island. elsewhere in the developing world, the Soviets stationed military personnel in Angola, Egypt, Finland, Guinea, Libya, Mongolia, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen, Yugoslavia, and Vietnam. 178 After the break-up of the Soviet Union, Russian troops withdrew from bases in East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the Baltic states. By 1994, the Russian Federation had only 28 foreign bases in the former territory of the Soviet Union. By 2002, Russia had closed its military installations in Cuba and Vietnam. Domestic factors, budgetary constraints, and external politico-military reasons were behind this shift. 179 Rising China In 2010, the Chinese government announced intentions of establishing military bases beyond its own borders, including in neighboring Pakistan. This was a significant move due to the implications for the balance of power within the region. A base in Pakistan would allow China to further counter India’s rising influence. At the same time, it could increase ties with Pakistan by offering military protection in the form of military bases. 180 Furthermore, the base would give the Chinese military another springboard from which it could quell separatist unrest in the Uighur-populated Xinjiang region. 181 Until this century, China has no military bases outside its territory and has often criticized the United States for operating overseas bases. However, since the early 21st century, China has started building a number of commercial harbors, naval stations, and listening posts that link the Sanya naval dockyard on Hainan Island to the Middle East. Beijing describes these facilities as the “String of Pearls” that dovetail Chinese energy supply routes to the Middle east and east Africa. 182 Europe From the mid-fifteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries, European nations have operated overseas military installations and trading posts. 183 Portugal and Spain were the first nations to do so. They built harbors and forts around the littorals of South America and West Africa during the 15th and 16th centuries to protect the burgeoning colonies of the time. The Netherlands followed suit in the 17th centuries and erect military structures along its trade routes leading to Southeast Asia. From the 18th to the mid-20th century, France and the U.K. built military installations that linked their homelands to the rest of their empires. 184 Currently, France and the United Kingdom still maintain a large number of overseas military installations in geopolitically sensitive regions such as the Middle east and northern Africa. Taken together, the number of European military installations is second only that of the u.S. 185 The size and scope of these military installations vary greatly. in some locations, military facilities comprise of a few small buildings that are used as storage depots. At the other end of the spectrum, facilities could include barracks for hundreds of troops, large naval stations, or full-scale aerodromes. 186 Past uN Actions Past United Nations Actions on the subject of foreign military bases has been limited. In 19 December 1967, the 22nd Session of the uN General Assembly passed resolution 2344 regarding the elimination of foreign military bases in the countries 37 Melbourne Host Directorate PTY LTD | Office of Media and Design
Page 1 and 2: Disarmament and International Secur
Page 3 and 4: Letters Melbourne Host Directorate
Page 5 and 6: Letter from the Under-Secretary-Gen
Page 7 and 8: Introduction the disarmament and in
Page 9 and 10: The Paracel and Spratly Islands. in
Page 11 and 12: ASEAN is a possible multilateral fo
Page 13 and 14: economically. Sovereignty over the
Page 15 and 16: Sea. Russia submitted its claim for
Page 17 and 18: egun developing the Shtokman gas fi
Page 19 and 20: ecommendation. 72 The commission re
Page 21 and 22: Topic Area B: Foreign Military Base
Page 23 and 24: Agreement (SOFA) include clauses th
Page 25 and 26: types of interactions between the a
Page 27 and 28: Economics Impact The presence of th
Page 29 and 30: name of counterterrorism. At the sa
Page 31 and 32: The global military presence of the
Page 33 and 34: A U.S. forward operating base in Af
Page 35: Central Asia and the Black Sea. At
Page 39 and 40: ing to the conference and the time
Page 41 and 42: 47 Gerken, James. “Arctic Climate
Page 43 and 44: N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Dec. 2012. 182

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