Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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■ documentation ■ maintenance ■ project management. 2.2 The tasks 23 A process model is a plan that makes provision for all these required activities and seeks to incorporate the stages in a methodical way. At the end of this chapter, we introduce the idea of process model, which is an overall strategy for accomplishing software development. However, while it may seem obvious that they are carried out in a certain order, we shall see that this is not always the best strategy. For example, it may not be ideal to carry out validation as the final step. Similarly, not all process models incorporate the activities as distinct steps. 2.2 ● The tasks Feasibility study Before anything else is done, a feasibility study establishes whether or not the project is to proceed. It may be that the system is unnecessary, too expensive or too risky. One approach to a feasibility study is to perform cost-benefit analysis. The cost of the proposed system is estimated, which may involve new hardware as well as software, and compared with the cost of likely savings. This comparison then determines whether the project goes ahead or not. Requirements engineering (specification) At the start of a project, the developer finds out what the user (client or customer) wants the software to do and records the requirements as clearly as possible. The product of this stage is a requirements specification. User interface design Most software has a graphical user interface, which must be carefully designed so that it is easy to use. Architectural (large-scale) design A software system may be large and complex. It is sometimes too large to be written as one single program. The software must be constructed from modules or components. Architectural, or large-scale design breaks the overall system down into a number of simpler modules. The products of this activity are an architectural design and module specifications.
24 Chapter 2 ■ The tasks of software development Detailed design The design of each module or component is carried out. The products are detailed designs of each module. Programming (coding) The detailed designs are converted into instructions written in the programming language. There may be a choice of programming languages, from which one must be selected. The product is the code. System integration The individual components of the software are combined together, which is sometimes called the build. The product is the complete system. Verification This seeks to ensure that the software is reliable. According to Barry Boehm (one of the all-time greats of software engineering), verification answers the question: Are we building the product right? A piece of software that meets its specification is of limited use if it crashes frequently. Verification is concerned with the developer’s view – the internal implementation of the system. Two types of verification are unit testing and system testing. In unit testing, each module of the software is tested in isolation. The inputs to unit testing are: 1. the unit specification 2. the unit code 3. a list of expected test results. The products of unit testing are the test results. Unit testing verifies that the behavior of the coding conforms to its unit specification. In system testing or integration testing, the modules are linked together and the complete system tested. The inputs to system testing are the system specification and the code for the complete system. The outcome of system testing is the completed, tested software, verifying that the system meets its specification. Validation This seeks to ensure that the software meets its users’ needs. According to Boehm, validation answers the question: Are we building the right product? Validation is to do with the client’s view of the system, the external view of the system. It is no use creating a piece of software that works perfectly (that is tested to perfection) if it doesn’t do what its users want.
Page 1 and 2: Software Engineering for Students D
Page 3 and 4: We work with leading authors to dev
Page 5 and 6: Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
Page 7 and 8: vi Contents Part D ● Verification
Page 9 and 10: viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
Page 11 and 12: x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
Page 13 and 14: xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
Page 15 and 16: xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
Page 17 and 18: xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
Page 19 and 20: xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
Page 21 and 22: xx Preface Software Engineering and
Page 23 and 24: xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
Page 28 and 29: 1.3 The cost of software production
Page 30 and 31: 100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
Page 32 and 33: Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
Page 34 and 35: SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
Page 36 and 37: 1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
Page 38 and 39: 1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
Page 40 and 41: Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
Page 42 and 43: Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
Page 44 and 45: Further reading 21 Analyses of the
Page 48 and 49: 2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
Page 50 and 51: 2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
Page 52 and 53: ■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
Page 54 and 55: 3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
Page 56 and 57: 3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
Page 58 and 59: Answers to self-test questions 3.1
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
Page 62 and 63: 4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
Page 64 and 65: 4.5 The requirements specification
Page 66 and 67: 4.6 The structure of a specificatio
Page 68 and 69: 4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
Page 70 and 71: Summary The ideal characteristics o
Page 72: Further reading 49 Further reading
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Page 78 and 79: 5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
Page 80 and 81: 5.5 Design principles and guideline
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Page 84 and 85: SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
Page 86 and 87: 5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
Page 88 and 89: Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
Page 90 and 91: CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
Page 92 and 93: 6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
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9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
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Exercises 119 During the second sta
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CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
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In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
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10.4 Multiple input and output stre
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Process header Process issue 10.4 M
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10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
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10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
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Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
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Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
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11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
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11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
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11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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22.4 ● Discussion Exercises 301 A
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CHAPTER 23 Prototyping This chapter
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Therefore, in summary: ■ the prod
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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
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Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
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Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Answers to self-test questions 313
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24.2 ● Big-bang implementation 24
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Tested component Figure 24.1 Top-do
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24.7 ● Use case driven implementa
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■ middle-out ■ use case based.
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 25.1 What is the
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sharing of software or their own re
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Summary 327 Inappropriate patches,
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Further reading 329 Cathedral and t
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These are qualified by the statemen
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26.3 Extreme programming 333 develo
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 26.3 Which of th
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CHAPTER 27 This chapter explains:
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Figure 27.1 The phases of the unifi
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27.5 ● Iteration 27.6 Case study
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The transition phase Summary 343 Th
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PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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348 Chapter 28 ■ Teams The commun
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350 Chapter 28 ■ Teams Level of s
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352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief pr
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354 Chapter 28 ■ Teams benefits o
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356 Chapter 28 ■ Teams • Furthe
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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