Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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Exercises 19 • Exercises These exercises ask you to carry out an analysis and come to some conclusion about a situation. Often there is no unique “right answer”. Sometimes you will have to make reasonable assumptions or conjectures. The aim of the exercises is to clarify your understanding of the goals of software engineering and some of the problems that lie in the path of achieving these goals. 1.1 Write down a list of all of the different items of software that you know about, then categorize them within types. 1.2 What are your own personal goals when you develop a piece of software? Why? Do you need to re-examine these? 1.3 Is software expensive? What criteria did you use in arriving at your conclusion? 1.4 Is programming/software development easy? Justify your answer. 1.5 The evidence suggests that there are enormous differences between programmers in terms of productivity. Why do you think this is? Does it matter that there are differences? 1.6 For each of the applications described in Appendix A assess the importance of the various goals identified in this chapter. For each application, rank the goals in order. 1.7 What would you expect the relative costs of hardware and software development to be in each of the cases above? 1.8 How do you personally feel about software maintenance? Would you enjoy doing it? 1.9 Think of an example of a program in which the aims of minimizing run time and memory occupancy are mutually contradictory. Think of an example where these two are in harmony. 1.10 Analyze the conflicts and consistencies between the various goals of software engineering. 1.11 In addition to the goals described in this chapter, are there any other goals that software engineering should strive for? What about making sure that it is fun to do it? What about exercising creativity and individuality?
20 Chapter 1 ■ Software – problems and prospects Answers to self-test questions 1.1 50 people at a cost of $12.5 million. 1.2 Hardware: $1,000. Software: $100. To buy, the hardware is approximately ten times the cost of the software. 1.3 Examples are a Web browser and a telephone switching system. 1.4 Examples of safety critical systems: an ABS braking system on a car, a fire alarm system, a patient record system in a health center. Examples of systems that are not safety critical are a payroll system, a word processor, a game program. 1.5 Some well-known word processor programs incorporate the facility to search for a file. This facility is not always easy to use, especially when it fails to find a file that you know is there somewhere. The DOS operating system provides a command-line command to delete a file or any number of files. Coupled with the “wild card” feature, denoted by an asterisk, it is easy to delete more files than you plan, for example: del *.* Further reading •Accounts of failed projects are given in Stephen Flowers, Software Failure: Management Failure: Amazing Stories and Cautionary Tales, Stephen Flowers, John Wiley, 1996, and in Robert Glass, Software Runaways, Prentice Hall, 1998. This is a good read if you are interested in how software projects really get done and what life is like at Microsoft. G. Pasacal Zachary, Show-Stopper: The Breakneck Race to Create Windows NT and the Next Generation at Microsoft, Free Press, a division of Macmillan, Inc., 1994. A very readable and classic account of the problems of developing large-scale software is given in the following book, which was written by the man in charge of the development of the software for an IBM mainframe range of computers. It has been republished as a celebratory second edition with additional essays. Frederick P. Brooks, The Mythical Man-Month, Addison-Wesley, 2nd edn, 1995. One of the key design goals of Java is portability. A compelling account of the arguments for portable software is given in Peter Van Der Linden, Not Just Java, Sun Microsystems Press; Prentice Hall, 1998.
Page 1 and 2: Software Engineering for Students D
Page 3 and 4: We work with leading authors to dev
Page 5 and 6: Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
Page 7 and 8: vi Contents Part D ● Verification
Page 9 and 10: viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
Page 11 and 12: x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
Page 13 and 14: xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
Page 15 and 16: xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
Page 17 and 18: xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
Page 19 and 20: xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
Page 21 and 22: xx Preface Software Engineering and
Page 23 and 24: xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
Page 28 and 29: 1.3 The cost of software production
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Page 32 and 33: Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
Page 34 and 35: SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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Page 40 and 41: Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
Page 44 and 45: Further reading 21 Analyses of the
Page 46 and 47: ■ documentation ■ maintenance
Page 48 and 49: 2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
Page 50 and 51: 2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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Page 54 and 55: 3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
Page 56 and 57: 3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Page 60 and 61: 4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
Page 62 and 63: 4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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Page 70 and 71: Summary The ideal characteristics o
Page 72: Further reading 49 Further reading
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
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9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
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Exercises 119 During the second sta
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CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
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In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
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10.4 Multiple input and output stre
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Process header Process issue 10.4 M
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10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
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10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
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Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
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Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
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11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
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11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
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11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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22.4 ● Discussion Exercises 301 A
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CHAPTER 23 Prototyping This chapter
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Therefore, in summary: ■ the prod
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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
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Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
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Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Answers to self-test questions 313
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24.2 ● Big-bang implementation 24
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Tested component Figure 24.1 Top-do
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24.7 ● Use case driven implementa
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■ middle-out ■ use case based.
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 25.1 What is the
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sharing of software or their own re
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Summary 327 Inappropriate patches,
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Further reading 329 Cathedral and t
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These are qualified by the statemen
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26.3 Extreme programming 333 develo
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 26.3 Which of th
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CHAPTER 27 This chapter explains:
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Figure 27.1 The phases of the unifi
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27.5 ● Iteration 27.6 Case study
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The transition phase Summary 343 Th
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PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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348 Chapter 28 ■ Teams The commun
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350 Chapter 28 ■ Teams Level of s
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352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief pr
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354 Chapter 28 ■ Teams benefits o
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356 Chapter 28 ■ Teams • Furthe
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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