Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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30.4 ● Selecting tools and methods 30.4 Selecting tools and methods 375 You are the manager of a software development project. What tools and methods would you select for use? How can you go about deciding whether a particular tool or method is worth using? Chapter 31 looks at ways of assessing techniques, but the results of studies are not generally helpful. Some development methods are inapplicable to particular domains and can therefore be disregarded. For example, prototyping is not usually of any use in developing scientific or mathematical software. Again, data structure design is only really applicable for serial file processing and it would be difficult or impossible to apply it to scientific programming or to process control. The customer may demand the use of particular methods. For example, a military client may require the use of Ada in conjunction with formal specification. Any software development organization has expertise in particular tools and methods. It also has its own standards and procedures. These are huge investments. Thus, a project manager within an organization must usually adhere to local methods and standards. If there is scope to choose the techniques, a next step is to establish a checklist of requirements and criteria. These must reflect the nature of the software to be developed, the customer and the organization developing the software. How important are such factors as cost, reliability, delivery date, ease of maintenance? When evaluating a technique, a generic checklist of criteria that can be used includes the following questions: ■ what are its special features and strengths? ■ what are its weaknesses? ■ what is its philosophy/perspective? ■ is it systematic? ■ can the technique be used in this application area? ■ what is the extent of tool support? ■ what is the training time for the people who will use the method? ■ what level of skill is required by the people using the method? ■ does the method lead to maintainable software ■ does the method ensure that the software will meet performance targets? ■ what is its productivity? ■ how good is the reliability of the software produced with this technique? ■ is good documentation automatically produced? ■ is the method enjoyable to use? If the decision is taken to introduce a new method, training effort and time will be needed. Training costs typically include buying training and the time that developers spend
376 Chapter 30 ■ Project management away from productive work. But that is not all. While a new technique is being adopted, the organization is still learning and therefore productivity slumps – at least temporarily. While the technical merits of development methods are important, it is often practical considerations that determine which development approach is used. Examples are: ■ the computer facility only supports specific tools and languages ■ the price of software tools associated with a specific method. 30.5 ● The project plan A project manager must create a plan for a project that specifies: ■ the final deadline ■ detailed tasks ■ intermediate milestones ■ the deliverables at each stage ■ who is involved and when ■ when project reviews are scheduled ■ the dependencies between the stages of the project. This plan must take account of the process model, the total predicted effort, the tools and methods, the team organization and the expected final deadline. The first and crucial step is to identify the major activities that are necessary. For example, if the waterfall model is adopted, these are requirements analysis, architectural design, coding, unit testing, system testing. An estimate of the person weeks for each of these stages is made. (It should add up to the total estimate for the project.) Next, these major stages are broken down into smaller tasks, and figures for effort assigned. This planning is not easy and is, at best, tentative, because it makes assumptions about the outcomes of important design decisions which have not yet been made. Finally, the relationships and dependencies are specified. For example, coding of a module comes before testing it. The product of this planning is a detailed plan that shows all the activities that are needed, the effort required for each and the dependencies between the activities. There are a number of notations, diagrams and tools that can assist in documenting a project plan: ■ Pert (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) chart – shows activities and their interrelationships ■ Gantt chart – shows resources (people) and what they are doing ■ Microsoft Project – a software package designed to assist in project planning and monitoring ■ a spreadsheet package – can be used to describe a project plan, maintaining figures about tasks, their likely duration and their actual duration.
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
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5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
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Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
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9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
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Exercises 119 During the second sta
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CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
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In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
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10.4 Multiple input and output stre
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Process header Process issue 10.4 M
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10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
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10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
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Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
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Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
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11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
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11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
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11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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22.4 ● Discussion Exercises 301 A
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CHAPTER 23 Prototyping This chapter
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Therefore, in summary: ■ the prod
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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
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Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
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Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Answers to self-test questions 313
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24.2 ● Big-bang implementation 24
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Tested component Figure 24.1 Top-do
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24.7 ● Use case driven implementa
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■ middle-out ■ use case based.
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 25.1 What is the
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Page 350 and 351: Summary 327 Inappropriate patches,
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Page 368: PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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Page 414 and 415: Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
Page 416 and 417: 32.3 ● The world of programming l
Page 418 and 419: 32.5 ● The real world of software
Page 420 and 421: 32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
Page 422 and 423: Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
Page 424 and 425: Summary 401 In the short-term futur
Page 426: Further reading 403 An extensive tr
Page 430 and 431: APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
Page 432 and 433: Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
Page 434 and 435: APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
Page 436 and 437: C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
Page 438 and 439: util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
Page 440 and 441: References to books and websites ar
Page 442 and 443: abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
Page 444 and 445: fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
Page 446 and 447: quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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