Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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29.5 Software quality 363 encompass the complete range of attributes associated with software, except the cost of construction. ■ correctness – the extent to which the software meets its specification and meets its users’ requirements ■ reliability – the degree to which the software continues to work without failing ■ performance – the amount of main memory and processor time that the software uses ■ integrity – the degree to which the software enforces control over access to information by users ■ usability – the ease of use of the software ■ maintainability – the effort required to find and fix a fault ■ flexibility – the effort required to change the software to meet changed requirements ■ testability – the effort required to test the software effectively ■ portability – the effort required to transfer the software to a different hardware and/or software platform ■ reusability – the extent to which the software (or a component within it) can be reused within some other software ■ interoperability – the effort required to make the software work in conjunction with some other software ■ security – the extent to which the software is safe from external sabotage that may damage it and impair its use. These attributes are related to the set of goals discussed in Chapter 1. As we saw, some of these qualities can be mutually contradictory, for example, if high performance is required, portability will probably suffer. Also, not every attribute is desired in every piece of software. So for each project it is important to identify the salient factors before development starts. SELF-TEST QUESTION 29.2 Software is to be developed to control a fly-by-wire airplane. What are likely to be the important factors? This list of quality factors can be used in one or more of the following situations: 1. at the outset of a software development, to clarify the goals 2. during development, to guide the development process towards the goals 3. on completion, to assess the completed piece of software. The above quality attributes are, of course, only qualitative (rather than quantitative) measures. And as we have seen earlier in this chapter, the purpose of metrics is to quantify desirable or interesting qualities. Thus a complexity measure, such as McCabe’s, can
364 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics and quality assurance be used to measure maintainability. Reliability can be measured as MTTF. However, for many of these attributes, it is extremely difficult to make an accurate judgment and a subjective guess must suffice – with all its uncertainties. SELF-TEST QUESTION 29.3 List some other quality factors that can be quantified. 29.6 ● Quality assurance Quality assurance means ensuring that a software system meets its quality goals. The goals differ from one project to another. They must be clear and can be selected from the list of quality factors we saw earlier. To achieve its goals, a project must use effective tools and methods. Also checks must be carried out during the development process at every available opportunity to see that the process is being carried out correctly. To ensure that effective tools and methods are being used, an organization distills its best practices and documents them in a quality manual. This is like a library of all the effective tools, methods and notations. It is like a recipe book in cooking, except that it contains only the very best recipes. This manual describes all the standards and procedures that are available to be used. A standard defines a range, limit, tolerance or norm of some measurable attribute against which compliance can be judged. For example, during white box testing, every source code statement must be executed at least once. In the kitchen, all peeled potatoes must be inspected to ensure there is no skin remaining on them. A procedure prescribes a way of doing something (rules, steps, guidelines, plans). For example, black box testing, white box testing and a walkthrough must be used to verify each component of software. In the kitchen, all green vegetables will be steamed, rather than boiled. To be effective, quality assurance must be planned in advance – along with the planning of all other aspects of a software project. The project manager: 1. decides which quality factors are important for the particular project (e.g. high reliability and maintainability). In preparing a family meal, perhaps flavor and nutritional value are the paramount goals. 2. selects standards and procedures from the quality manual that are appropriate to meeting the quality goals (e.g. the use of complexity metrics to check maintainability). If the meal does not involve potatoes, then those parts of the quality manual that deal with potatoes can be omitted. 3. assembles these into a quality assurance plan for the project. This describes what the procedures and standards are, when they will be done, and who does them. More and more the organizations that produce software are having to convince their customers that they are using effective methods. More and more commonly they must
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
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5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
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Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
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9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
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Exercises 119 During the second sta
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CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
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In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
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10.4 Multiple input and output stre
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Process header Process issue 10.4 M
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10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
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10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
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Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
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Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
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11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
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11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
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11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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22.4 ● Discussion Exercises 301 A
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CHAPTER 23 Prototyping This chapter
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Therefore, in summary: ■ the prod
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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
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Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
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Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Page 368: PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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Page 414 and 415: Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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Page 418 and 419: 32.5 ● The real world of software
Page 420 and 421: 32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
Page 422 and 423: Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
Page 424 and 425: Summary 401 In the short-term futur
Page 426: Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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Page 434 and 435: APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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