Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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28.5 The chief programmer team 351 As we shall see, some techniques exploit this principle of the division of labor. How are teams usually organized? There are two common methods of organizing teams involved in software development – functional teams and project teams. 28.3 ● The functional team In the functional team organization, all the members of the team carry out the same type of work, so that there is a team of programmers, a team of analysts, a team of testers, and so on. At any one time, the members of a team are working on different projects; the work of a single project is carried out by people from different teams. A major problem of functional teams is that the people who are working on a single project are not a cohesive team. They may even be physically separated in different offices. Close and easy communication is inhibited. Another problem of the functional team is that the person responsible for a project is not the manager or leader of the people working on his or her project. Thus he or she may not have as much control over them as they would like. 28.4 ● The project team In a project team, everyone in the team is engaged on developing the same system. The team therefore usually consists of people who carry out all the work of the development – requirements analysis, programming, testing and so on. Initially, a team of this kind consists of only a single person. As requirements engineering gets under way, the team grows to two or three people. When the project is fully under way, during coding and testing, it expands to its maximum. Towards the end of the project, members leave the team until finally it is disbanded. The project manager is usually a member of the team, and in control of the team. The drawback of a project team is that its membership waxes and wanes as the demands of the project change. Initially only one or two people may carry out analysis and architectural design. During implementation the numbers grow to full strength. Then, towards the end, when the system is being put into operation, the numbers diminish. 28.5 ● The chief programmer team The chief programmer team is a project-based organization in which specialization is implemented in an extreme form. The principles behind the chief programmer team organization are: ■ to divide the work amongst skilled specialists. ■ to structure the team in a well-defined way so that each individual’s role is clear and communication is minimized.
352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief programmer team is like a surgical team in which the chief surgeon is assisted by an assistant surgeon, an anesthetist, and one or two nurses. Each team member is a highly trained specialist. In the chief programmer team the job titles are chief programmer, back-up programmer, librarian and other specialist programmers as and when necessary. The roles of the team members are as follows Chief programmer This is a highly skilled software engineer who produces the crucial parts of the system. It is usually the designer of the software who determines and specifies the architectural components of the software. The chief programmer specifies all the other components in the system and oversees the integration or system testing of the complete system. The chief programmer’s role is intended to be almost entirely a technical one. To this end, administrative affairs like reporting to management and monitoring budgets and timescales are dealt with by a project manager. This frees the chief programmer from non-technical matters. The project manager is not really part of the team and will usually deal with the administrative aspects of several teams. Back-up programmer This is a programmer whose skill is comparable to that of the chief programmer. The job is to help the chief programmer with his or her tasks and act as the chief programmer when the latter is absent for any reason. Should the chief programmer leave the organization, the back-up programmer can immediately take over. Librarian The librarian maintains the documentation associated with the project. He or she may be a secretary with some training in using a computer system. Other specialist programmers When needed, other programmers are brought into the team to develop any subsystems specified by the chief programmer. Each of these programmers is an expert in a particular software area, such as user interfacing, databases or graphics. The structure of the team is hierarchical, with the chief programmer at the top. In contrast to a network of people each of whom communicates with everyone else, the hierarchy restricts information so that it flows along far fewer paths – only up and down the hierarchy. The use of structured programming (Chapter 7) and top-down implementation and testing (Chapter 24), both of which are hierarchical, complement this scheme very neatly. There can be no doubt that the technique of the chief programmer team represents a creative application of scientific management to team programming.
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
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5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
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Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
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9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
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Exercises 119 During the second sta
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CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
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In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
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10.4 Multiple input and output stre
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Process header Process issue 10.4 M
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10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
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10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
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Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
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Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
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11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
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11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
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11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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Page 420 and 421: 32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
Page 422 and 423: Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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