Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 Users should resist the temptation to turn a throwaway prototype into a delivered system that is put into use. The reasons for this are: 1. important system characteristics, such as performance, security and reliability, will probably have been ignored during prototype development 2. during the prototype development, the prototype will have been changed to reflect user needs. It is likely that these changes will have been made in an uncontrolled way and not properly documented other than in the prototype code 3. the changes made during prototype development will probably have degraded the architectural structure of the software. Therefore the software may be difficult and expensive to maintain. 23.5 ● Evolutionary prototyping This type of prototyping is based on the idea of developing an initial implementation, exposing it to user comment and refining it through repeated stages until an adequate system has been developed. To be effective, evolutionary prototyping is carried out within a systematic framework. Evolutionary prototype development is shown in Figure 23.2. Note the similarities and differences between this figure and Figure 23.1. Draw up initial specification [User happy] Figure 23.2 Evolutionary prototyping Construct prototype Check with user Deliver the working system [User requires change] Refine prototype
308 Chapter 23 ■ Prototyping The stages are: 1. requirements definition (initial specification) – a stage of thorough analysis is used to create an initial specification for the software. 2. prototype construction – a prototype is built in a quality manner, including design, documentation, and thorough verification. 3. evaluation (check with the user) – during evaluation, problems in the developer’s perception of the customer requirements are uncovered. The prototypes are the communication medium that enables the developer and customer to communicate with each other. 4. iteration (refine the prototype) – evaluation is carried out repeatedly until the prototype meets the objectives. The specification is updated with every iteration. The product is a fully working system. SELF-TEST QUESTION 23.1 What are the differences between throwaway and evolutionary prototyping? 23.6 ● Rapid prototyping techniques A throwaway prototype needs to be created quickly so that users can comment on it at an early stage. A prototype also needs to be altered quickly to incorporate the users’ views as the prototype changes to meet their requirements. What we really need is some magical tool that would enable us to create prototypes at high speed. But there are no magical tools. If there were, we would use them for everything. Instead we use whatever tools and methods that are suitable. Here are some techniques for fast prototyping. Use a high-level language High-level languages include many facilities which normally have to be built from more primitive constructs in other languages. Smalltalk is a language that can be used to prototype adventurous GUIs with very little programmer effort. A drawback of Smalltalk is that it can be a massive consumer of processor time and memory, so that after prototyping it may be necessary to rewrite the system in some other language. So Smalltalk may only be usable for throwaway prototyping. Visual Basic has features for rapid software development, including the capacity to create a GUI using drag-and-drop from a palette.
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
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5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
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Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
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9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
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Exercises 119 During the second sta
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CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
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In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
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10.4 Multiple input and output stre
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Process header Process issue 10.4 M
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10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
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10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
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Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
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Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
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11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
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11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
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11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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Page 279 and 280: 256 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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Page 288: PART D VERIFICATION
Page 291 and 292: 268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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Page 368: PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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CHAPTER 30 This chapter: 30.1 ● I
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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CHAPTER 31 This chapter: 31.1 ● I
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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