Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● Introduction The main feature of the spiral model is the recognition that there is often enormous uncertainty at many stages during a software development project. It therefore incorporates periodic risk assessment. These assessments are followed by identifying alternative actions, selection of the best action and re-planning. 22.2 ● The spiral model This model is shown in Figure 22.1. Progress is shown as a line that spirals out from near the centre of the diagram. Each cycle of the project passes through four steps, shown as the four quarters of the diagram. The project spirals outwards from the center of the diagram to convey the increasing expenditure of time, effort – and progress. As the diagram shows, each cycle consists of four steps: 1. analyze risks and plan 2. analyze requirements 3. construct 4. evaluate. The spiral model ■ explains the principles behind the spiral model ■ explains some of the practical aspects of using this model.
298 Chapter 22 ■ The spiral model Construct Analyze requirements Figure 22.1 The spiral model Evaluate Analyze risks and plan The distinctive feature of the spiral model is that it makes explicit the idea of risk. We have seen (Chapter 1) that during software development there can be difficult problems to be overcome. The spiral model explicitly recognizes that there are uncertainties associated with software development and that they should be dealt with as carefully as possible. Examples of risks that are commonly experienced are: ■ the client changes some of the requirements ■ during a long development, the users’ requirements are neglected ■ someone leaves the development team ■ one of the component tasks of the development goes beyond its deadline ■ the software performs too slowly ■ the software occupies too much main memory ■ a new software development tool or technology becomes available ■ a user requirement was misunderstood ■ the target hardware configuration changes ■ an intransigent bug ■ a competitor launches a rival package onto the market. Ideally, any process model should make provision for these and any other pitfalls. However, the spiral model makes explicit and repeated provision for dealing with areas of uncertainty like these and thereby minimizes the risk to the software project. Thus the most important phase of each cycle is the risk analysis stage. Actions can then be taken to control the project, rescue the project, or, as happens sometimes, abandon the project. Many decisions are taken during software development, and for every decision there is a risk that something will go wrong or a mistake will be made. The later a problem is detected, the more effort is needed to fix it. The spiral model approach is therefore
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
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5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
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Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
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9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
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Exercises 119 During the second sta
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CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
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In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
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10.4 Multiple input and output stre
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Process header Process issue 10.4 M
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10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
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10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
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Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
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Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
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11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
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11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
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11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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Page 269 and 270: 246 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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Page 288: PART D VERIFICATION
Page 291 and 292: 268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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Page 299 and 300: 276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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Page 318 and 319: Summary The essence and the strengt
Page 322 and 323: 22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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Page 330 and 331: 23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
Page 332 and 333: Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
Page 334 and 335: Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Page 338 and 339: 24.2 ● Big-bang implementation 24
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Page 350 and 351: Summary 327 Inappropriate patches,
Page 352 and 353: Further reading 329 Cathedral and t
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Page 368: PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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348 Chapter 28 ■ Teams The commun
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350 Chapter 28 ■ Teams Level of s
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352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief pr
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354 Chapter 28 ■ Teams benefits o
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356 Chapter 28 ■ Teams • Furthe
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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CHAPTER 30 This chapter: 30.1 ● I
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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CHAPTER 31 This chapter: 31.1 ● I
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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