Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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Summary 287 The strategic thinking considers the role of the method within the class, and whether this method is appropriate within the context of the whole system. The person thinks about such questions as: Which other components use it? Can the system be simplified so that this method is just not needed? Can the method be generalized so that it is more widely useful? Is this method in the right place, or should it be relocated into some other class? The pair periodically switch roles, so that overall they are working as equals. Pairs don’t stay together, but change from day to day. It simply depends on who is available, but the people are drawn from the same project team, so they have a shared understanding of the project. And no one forces people to pair up if they do not get along. When a pair starts work, it may be that one person will have more experience or expertise. Later, the gap narrows, so that they are genuinely collaborating on an equal basis, one person’s strengths compensating for the other’s weaknesses. The central feature of pair programming is that two people are communicating intensely, sharing ideas, learning from each other, supporting each other, articulating ideas verbally and solving problems. It is creative, sociable, enjoyable and effective. It is claimed that pair programming improves productivity, code quality and job satisfaction. Even though, at first sight, twice the effort is spent on development, the time is more than reclaimed in more effective working. Of course, pair programming means that pairs of people are working closely – almost intimately – together. This depends on an organizational culture that is collaborative and supportive. 20.6 ● Discussion Perhaps the ultimate method for collaborative working aimed at reducing bugs is open source development. This is such an important technique that we devoted a whole separate chapter to the topic. How effective are the techniques of walkthroughs, inspections and pair programming? The answer is that they are surprisingly effective as compared with using testing. We review the evidence in Chapter 31 on assessing methods. Summary A structured walkthrough is a meeting at which a document is examined by a group of people in order to find errors. Structured walkthroughs are based on the premise that ideas that are shared will be the better for it. The careful organization of a walkthrough is important. Walkthroughs can lead to improved software quality – reliability and maintainability – because of the scrutiny of project material by a group. Effort can be reduced and deadlines more easily met. Inspections are a more formal approach to a group review meeting. In pair programming, two people sit at the computer, working closely together on design, coding and testing.
288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exercises 20.1 Assess the effectiveness of structured walkthroughs. 20.2 Evaluate pair programming. 20.3 Compare and contrast the structured walkthrough technique with pair programming. 20.4 Argue a case for either walkthroughs or pair programming and suggest how it might be introduced into an organization. 20.5 Try to introduce ego-less programming into your college, university or organization in the following way. When you have written your next program and have a cleancompiled listing, ask one of your colleagues to look through it for you. Explain that you would appreciate comments of any kind on the program’s clarity, correctness, etc. Explain that you are trying to identify problems sooner rather than later. Offer to do the same in return. 20.6 Suggest features for software tools that could assist in using each of the following techniques: ■ walkthroughs ■ inspections. Further reading •The classic book which introduced the idea of ego-less programming, the precursor to walkthroughs and inspections. It deals at length and in a most interesting way with the informal, social aspects of working in a team. It is most enjoyable to read. G. Weinberg, The Psychology of Computer Programming, Van Nostrand Reinhold, l971. The original reference describing the technique of inspections: M.E. Fagan, Design and code inspections to reduce errors in program development, IBM Systems Journal, 15 (3) (July 1976), pp. 182–211. Full of practical advice and case studies, jointly authored by one of the industry gurus, all you ever wanted to know about inspections is explained in: Tom Gilb and Dorothy Graham, Software Inspection, Addison-Wesley, 1993. A collection of useful papers on how to do inspections and what the benefits are: David A. Wheeler, Bill Brykczynski and Reginald N. Meeson, Software Inspection: An Industry Best Practice, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1996. There is a website simply for pair programming, with links to sites that report on evaluations, at: http://www.pairprogramming.com/ This is a useful book on pair programming: Laurie Williams and Robert Kessler, Pair Programming Illuminated, Addison-Wesley, 2002.
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
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5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
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Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
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9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
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Exercises 119 During the second sta
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CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
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In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
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10.4 Multiple input and output stre
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Process header Process issue 10.4 M
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10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
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10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
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Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
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Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
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11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
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11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
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11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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Page 259 and 260: 236 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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Page 288: PART D VERIFICATION
Page 291 and 292: 268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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CHAPTER 27 This chapter explains:
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Figure 27.1 The phases of the unifi
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27.5 ● Iteration 27.6 Case study
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The transition phase Summary 343 Th
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PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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348 Chapter 28 ■ Teams The commun
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350 Chapter 28 ■ Teams Level of s
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352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief pr
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354 Chapter 28 ■ Teams benefits o
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356 Chapter 28 ■ Teams • Furthe
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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CHAPTER 30 This chapter: 30.1 ● I
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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CHAPTER 31 This chapter: 31.1 ● I
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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