Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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Preface What is software engineering? Software engineering is about the creation of large pieces of software that consist of thousands of lines of code and involve many person months of human effort. One of the attractions of software engineering is that there is no one single best method for doing it, but instead a whole variety of different approaches. Consequently the software engineer needs a knowledge of many different techniques and tools. This diversity is one of the delights of software engineering, and this book celebrates this by presenting the range of current techniques and tools. We shall see that some software engineering methods are well-defined while others are ill-defined. And the processes of software development are always under debate. Challenge and creativity Software engineering is about imagination and creativity – the process of creating something apparently tangible from nothing. Software engineering methods have not yet been completely analyzed and systematized. Thus there is still great scope for using imagination and creativity. The exercise of skill and flair is one of the joys of software engineering. Who is this book for? Ideally you, the reader, will have savored the joy of devising an elegant solution to a programming problem. You will also have experienced the intense frustration of trying to find an elusive bug – and the satisfaction of subsequently tracking it down and eliminating it. This book is for people who have experienced the pleasures of writing programs and who want to see how things change in the scale up to large programs and software systems. This book provides an introduction to software engineering for students in undergraduate programs in Computer Science, Computer Studies, Information Technology, xix
xx Preface Software Engineering and related fields at the college or university level. The book is also aimed at practising software developers in industry and commerce who wish to keep abreast of current ideas in software engineering. What do I need to know? The prerequisites for understanding this book are: ■ some familiarity with a modern programming language ■ some experience with developing a moderately sized program of a few hundred lines. What is covered in this book? This book explains the different principles, techniques and tools that are used in software development. These are the mainstream methods that are currently used throughout the industrialized world. This book doesn’t present easy answers about the value of these techniques. Indeed, it asks the reader to make an assessment of the techniques. This is what the software engineer has to do – now and in the future – choose the appropriate techniques for the project in hand from the multiplicity of techniques that are on offer. Notations UML (Unified Modeling Language) is used as appropriate within the text as a graphical design notation. Some other graphical notations – flowcharts, structure charts and data flow diagrams are also used. Java is used as an illustrative programming language and sometimes also pseudo code (program design language). So many chapters Yes, but each chapter deals with a separate topic. This is to enable each chapter to focus exclusively and thoroughly on a single idea. How to read this book Because the chapters are independent, you do not need to read them in any particular sequence – you can dip into the book at random. But you might choose to read Chapters 1 and 2 first because they set the scene. You might choose to spend one week on each chapter.
Page 1 and 2: Software Engineering for Students D
Page 3 and 4: We work with leading authors to dev
Page 5 and 6: Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
Page 7 and 8: vi Contents Part D ● Verification
Page 9 and 10: viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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Page 13 and 14: xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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Page 17 and 18: xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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Page 23 and 24: xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
Page 28 and 29: 1.3 The cost of software production
Page 30 and 31: 100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
Page 32 and 33: Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
Page 34 and 35: SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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Page 40 and 41: Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
Page 42 and 43: Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
Page 44 and 45: Further reading 21 Analyses of the
Page 46 and 47: ■ documentation ■ maintenance
Page 48 and 49: 2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
Page 50 and 51: 2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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Page 54 and 55: 3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
Page 56 and 57: 3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
Page 58 and 59: Answers to self-test questions 3.1
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
Page 62 and 63: 4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
Page 64 and 65: 4.5 The requirements specification
Page 66 and 67: 4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
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5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
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Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
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9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
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Exercises 119 During the second sta
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CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
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In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
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10.4 Multiple input and output stre
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Process header Process issue 10.4 M
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10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
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10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
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Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
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Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
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11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
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11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
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11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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22.4 ● Discussion Exercises 301 A
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CHAPTER 23 Prototyping This chapter
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Therefore, in summary: ■ the prod
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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
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Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
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Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Answers to self-test questions 313
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24.2 ● Big-bang implementation 24
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Tested component Figure 24.1 Top-do
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24.7 ● Use case driven implementa
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■ middle-out ■ use case based.
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 25.1 What is the
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sharing of software or their own re
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Summary 327 Inappropriate patches,
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Further reading 329 Cathedral and t
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These are qualified by the statemen
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26.3 Extreme programming 333 develo
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 26.3 Which of th
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CHAPTER 27 This chapter explains:
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Figure 27.1 The phases of the unifi
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27.5 ● Iteration 27.6 Case study
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The transition phase Summary 343 Th
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PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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348 Chapter 28 ■ Teams The commun
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350 Chapter 28 ■ Teams Level of s
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352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief pr
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354 Chapter 28 ■ Teams benefits o
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356 Chapter 28 ■ Teams • Furthe
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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