Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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Answers to self-test questions 163 • Exercises 12.1 Review the architectural structure of the cyberspace invaders game (Appendix A). Suggest which patterns would be useful. 12.2 In a word processor (Appendix A), how would you use the MVC pattern? Hints: what views does a word processor display? What commands does it provide? 12.3 Show how the Layers pattern can be used in the ATM software and in the library system (Appendix A). Answers to self-test questions 12.1 If people had static roles, we could model the structures using inheritance. We could say “a private is-a soldier”. But army personnel get promoted, so the best structure is delegation. 12.2 It means that it can only be called from within the class. Thus no program can call the constructor from another class. The only way to create an instance is to call getInstance, and this always returns the same object. 12.3 1. The MVC pattern is concerned only with the user interface, while the Mediator pattern is more general. 2. A Mediator class is more complex because it embodies logic governing the interaction of the objects. 12.4 Both patterns act as a front end to a component or collection of components. But the motivation for Façade is to provide a clean interface. Proxy does it for performance reasons. 12.5 Both explicitly separate out the presentation software from the business logic component. 12.6 Pipe and Filter passes data in one direction only, whereas in Layers it is passed to and fro between layers. In Pipe and Filter, communication is solely by passing a stream of data, whereas in layers, some of the communication is via method calls.
164 Chapter 12 ■ Design patterns • Further reading The first and most significant of the books about reusable design patterns. Written by authors now referred to as the Gang of Four (GoF). It presents a number of OO patterns, each with a name, a rationale and examples. (The examples of use are mainly in C++, but the designs are more widely applicable.) It is not an easy book and many people report that reading it is a challenge: Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides, Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object- Oriented Software, Addison-Wesley, 1995. This book is a readable catalog. Although the code examples are given in Java, you do not need to know about Java, or use Java to understand the patterns: Mark Grand, Patterns in Java: A Catalog of Reusable Design Patterns Illustrated with UML, 2 vols, John Wiley, 1998, 1999. This book explores what can go wrong (calling them anti-patterns) during software development, particularly OO development, and explains how to recover from these situations. Easy to read, enjoyable and refreshing: William Brown, Raphael Malveau, Hays McCormick and Thomas Mowbray, Anti Patterns, John Wiley, 1998.
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
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5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
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Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
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6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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6. Method calls with parameters tha
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3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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> } public void setY(int newY) { y
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• Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
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CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
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7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
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7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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7.4 Selecting control structures 95
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while do if endif then else endWhil
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• Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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count = 0 loop: count = count + 1 i
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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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start button event create defender
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8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
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CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
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Page 154 and 155: 10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
Page 156 and 157: 10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
Page 158 and 159: 10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
Page 160 and 161: Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
Page 164 and 165: Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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Page 168 and 169: 11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
Page 170 and 171: 11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
Page 172 and 173: 11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
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Page 176 and 177: 12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
Page 178 and 179: 12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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Page 182 and 183: Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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Page 194 and 195: Summary Summary 171 it is making po
Page 196: PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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214 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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22.4 ● Discussion Exercises 301 A
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CHAPTER 23 Prototyping This chapter
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Therefore, in summary: ■ the prod
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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
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Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
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Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Answers to self-test questions 313
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24.2 ● Big-bang implementation 24
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Tested component Figure 24.1 Top-do
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24.7 ● Use case driven implementa
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■ middle-out ■ use case based.
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 25.1 What is the
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sharing of software or their own re
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Summary 327 Inappropriate patches,
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Further reading 329 Cathedral and t
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These are qualified by the statemen
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26.3 Extreme programming 333 develo
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 26.3 Which of th
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CHAPTER 27 This chapter explains:
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Figure 27.1 The phases of the unifi
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27.5 ● Iteration 27.6 Case study
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The transition phase Summary 343 Th
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PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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348 Chapter 28 ■ Teams The commun
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350 Chapter 28 ■ Teams Level of s
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352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief pr
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354 Chapter 28 ■ Teams benefits o
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356 Chapter 28 ■ Teams • Furthe
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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