Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes the final step of transforming the program structure diagram into pseudocode. Expressed in pseudo-code, the structure of our example program is: initialize n and s while more lines do display s spaces display n asterisks new line decrement s increment n endwhile display blank line initialize n and s while more lines do display s spaces display n asterisks new line decrement n increment s endwhile 8 Process top half Process line Process picture Process middle Process bottom half 2 * 9 * Process line 1 3 6 5 1 Figure 10.6 Annotated program structure diagram 3 7 4 To derive this pseudo-code from the diagram, start with the box at the top of the diagram and write down its elementary operations. Then indent the code across the page and go down a level on the diagram. Now write down the operations and structures present at this level. Repeatedly go down a level, indenting the code for each new level. This transformation is straightforward and mechanical. We have now arrived at a program design capable of being readily translated into most conventional programming languages. 8 9 >
126 Chapter 10 ■ Data structure design To sum up, the steps we have taken are: 1. draw a diagram showing the structure of the file 2. derive the corresponding program structure diagram 3. write down the elementary operations that the program will have to carry out 4. place the operations on the program structure diagram 5. derive the pseudo-code of the program. SELF-TEST QUESTION 10.1 Check that operation 9 (new line) has been placed in all the right places on the program structure diagram. 10.3 ● Processing input files To understand how to input and process information from a file, consider the following problem: A serial file consists of records. Each record describes a person. Design a program to count the number of males and the number of females. The data structure diagram is given in Figure 10.7. The new notation here is the boxes with the letter “o” in them (meaning or) to indicate alternatives. These boxes are drawn alongside each other. Depending on the application, there are sometimes a number of alternatives. Body Record Male Female Figure 10.7 Data structure diagram for counting males and females * File eof
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
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5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
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Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
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6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
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Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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■ a simple program is more likely
Page 98 and 99: 6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
Page 100 and 101: 6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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Page 104 and 105: 3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
Page 106 and 107: > } public void setY(int newY) { y
Page 108 and 109: • Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
Page 110 and 111: CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
Page 112 and 113: 7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
Page 114 and 115: ■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
Page 116 and 117: 7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
Page 118 and 119: 7.4 Selecting control structures 95
Page 120 and 121: while do if endif then else endWhil
Page 122 and 123: • Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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Page 126 and 127: > 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
Page 128 and 129: start button event create defender
Page 130 and 131: 8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
Page 132 and 133: Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
Page 134 and 135: CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
Page 136 and 137: 9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
Page 138 and 139: 9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
Page 140 and 141: SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
Page 142 and 143: Exercises 119 During the second sta
Page 144 and 145: CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
Page 146 and 147: In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
Page 150 and 151: 10.4 Multiple input and output stre
Page 152 and 153: Process header Process issue 10.4 M
Page 154 and 155: 10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
Page 156 and 157: 10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
Page 158 and 159: 10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
Page 160 and 161: Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
Page 164 and 165: Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
Page 166 and 167: SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
Page 168 and 169: 11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
Page 170 and 171: 11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
Page 172 and 173: 11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
Page 174 and 175: CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
Page 176 and 177: 12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
Page 178 and 179: 12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
Page 180 and 181: 12.8 Model, view controller (observ
Page 182 and 183: Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
Page 184 and 185: Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
Page 186 and 187: Answers to self-test questions 163
Page 188 and 189: CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
Page 190 and 191: 13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
Page 192 and 193: class Sprite Instance variables x y
Page 194 and 195: Summary Summary 171 it is making po
Page 196: PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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22.4 ● Discussion Exercises 301 A
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CHAPTER 23 Prototyping This chapter
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Therefore, in summary: ■ the prod
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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
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Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
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Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Answers to self-test questions 313
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24.2 ● Big-bang implementation 24
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Tested component Figure 24.1 Top-do
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24.7 ● Use case driven implementa
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■ middle-out ■ use case based.
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 25.1 What is the
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sharing of software or their own re
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Summary 327 Inappropriate patches,
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Further reading 329 Cathedral and t
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These are qualified by the statemen
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26.3 Extreme programming 333 develo
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 26.3 Which of th
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CHAPTER 27 This chapter explains:
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Figure 27.1 The phases of the unifi
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27.5 ● Iteration 27.6 Case study
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The transition phase Summary 343 Th
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PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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348 Chapter 28 ■ Teams The commun
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350 Chapter 28 ■ Teams Level of s
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352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief pr
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354 Chapter 28 ■ Teams benefits o
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356 Chapter 28 ■ Teams • Furthe
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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