Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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Exercises 109 skill. On the other hand, it is an excellent approach if we want a method that guides our thinking but allows us plenty of scope for creativity. In a sense, therefore, the method is not as advanced as some. For example, data structure design takes the programmer from a description of the structure of the data or files that the program is to act upon, via a number of fairly precise steps to the program design. By contrast, the use of functional decomposition encourages (some would say necessitates) the use of creativity and imagination in devising software structures. Its use also needs careful judgment in selecting the best structure from amongst any alternatives found. In summary, functional decomposition is a general-purpose method for software design, based around structured programming, but in allowing the development of alternative designs for the same problem it poses several unanswered questions: ■ where do we get the inspiration for alternative designs? ■ how do we choose between designs? ■ how do we know that we have arrived at the best possible design? We have to look to other sources of ideas to answer these questions. These issues have led some to say that functional decomposition is not really a serious method. Summary Functional decomposition proceeds by starting with a single statement of each function of the software. Next these are rewritten as a series of simpler steps using pseudo-code (program design language) as a notation. Pseudo-code consists of natural language imperative sentences written as sequences, with if statements or with while statements. The designs are refined (rewritten as more primitive steps) until the required level of detail is achieved. The method makes direct use of the power of abstraction provided by structured programming, while requiring significant creativity and judgment to be employed. It is applicable to the full range of computer application areas. • Exercises 8.1 Complete the design of the game program. 8.2 Write pseudo-code for the withdraw cash function in the ATM (Appendix A). 8.3 Use functional decomposition to design the software for each of the systems described in Appendix A. 8.4 What characteristics should a good software design method have? Does the functional decomposition exhibit them?
110 Chapter 8 ■ Functional decomposition 8.5 Evaluate functional decomposition under the following headings: ■ special features and strengths ■ weaknesses ■ philosophy/perspective? ■ systematic? ■ appropriate applications ■ inappropriate applications ■ is the method top-down, bottom-up or something else? ■ good for large-scale design? ■ good for small-scale design? 8.6 Compare and contrast the principles behind the following design methods: ■ functional decomposition ■ data structure design ■ data flow design ■ object-oriented design Answer to self-test question 8.1 move alien if x > window width or x < 0 then stepSize = -stepSize; endif x = x + stepSize; • Further reading Arguably the most important book about structured programming is: O.J. Dahl, E.W. Dijkstra and C.A.R. Hoare, Structured Programming, Academic Press, 1997.
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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CHAPTER 5 This chapter explains: 5.
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5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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5.5 Design principles and guideline
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Page 86 and 87: 5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
Page 88 and 89: Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
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Page 92 and 93: 6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
Page 94 and 95: Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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Page 98 and 99: 6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
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Page 112 and 113: 7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
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Page 116 and 117: 7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
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Page 122 and 123: • Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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Page 126 and 127: > 8.2 Case study 103 A statement th
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Page 130 and 131: 8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
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Page 136 and 137: 9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
Page 138 and 139: 9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
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Page 142 and 143: Exercises 119 During the second sta
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Page 154 and 155: 10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
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Page 158 and 159: 10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
Page 160 and 161: Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
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Page 164 and 165: Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
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Page 176 and 177: 12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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22.4 ● Discussion Exercises 301 A
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CHAPTER 23 Prototyping This chapter
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Therefore, in summary: ■ the prod
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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
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Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
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Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Answers to self-test questions 313
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24.2 ● Big-bang implementation 24
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Tested component Figure 24.1 Top-do
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24.7 ● Use case driven implementa
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■ middle-out ■ use case based.
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 25.1 What is the
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sharing of software or their own re
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Summary 327 Inappropriate patches,
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Further reading 329 Cathedral and t
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These are qualified by the statemen
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26.3 Extreme programming 333 develo
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 26.3 Which of th
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CHAPTER 27 This chapter explains:
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Figure 27.1 The phases of the unifi
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27.5 ● Iteration 27.6 Case study
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The transition phase Summary 343 Th
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PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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348 Chapter 28 ■ Teams The commun
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350 Chapter 28 ■ Teams Level of s
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352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief pr
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354 Chapter 28 ■ Teams benefits o
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356 Chapter 28 ■ Teams • Furthe
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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