Software Engineering for Students A Programming Approach

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> 8.2 Case study 103 A statement that is to be broken down may be regarded as a method call. The set of more elementary steps into which it is decomposed can be viewed as the implementation of the method. The language that is used to express the solution is called pseudo-code (because it is similar in some ways to programming language code), or program design language (PDL). It consists of sequences of (natural language) sentences, each beginning with a verb. It also involves the usual control structures – if-then-else for selection and while for repetition. For example, the statement boil water above can be refined to: boil water switch on kettle while water not boiling do watch tv endwhile switch off kettle Again we can refine add sugar to taste as: add sugar to taste if sugar required then put sugar in cup stir endif We can restrict ourselves just to while and if or we can make use of the repeat, for and case constructs. 8.2 ● Case study In order to illustrate the use of functional decomposition, we will design the software for a simple game called cyberspace invaders. The screen is shown in Figure 8.1. The specification of the program (also given in Appendix A) is as follows: A window displays a defender and an alien (Figure 8.1). The alien moves sideways. When it hits a wall, it reverses its direction. The alien randomly launches a bomb that moves vertically downwards. If a bomb hits the defender, the user loses and the game is over. The defender moves left or right according to mouse movements. When the mouse is clicked, the defender launches a laser that moves upwards. If a laser hits the alien, the user wins and the game is over. A button is provided to start a new game. > >
104 Chapter 8 ■ Functional decomposition Figure 8.1 Cyberspace invaders The program responds to events from the play button, a timer, mouse clicks and mouse move events. To create animation, we move all the objects and redisplay them whenever the timer produces an event. So the overall logic is: timer event move all the objects display all the objects check hits mouse clicked event create laser mouse moved event move defender >
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Software Engineering for Students D
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We work with leading authors to dev
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Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh
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vi Contents Part D ● Verification
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viii Detailed contents 3 The feasib
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x Detailed contents 9 Data flow des
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xii Detailed contents 14.7 Repetiti
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xiv Detailed contents 19.7 Unit tes
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xvi Detailed contents 26 Agile meth
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xviii Detailed contents 32.4 Softwa
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xx Preface Software Engineering and
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xxii Preface are engaged on a proje
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CHAPTER 1 This chapter: ■ reviews
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1.3 The cost of software production
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100% 10% 1970 SELF-TEST QUESTION Ha
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Analysis and design 1 /3 Coding 1 /
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 1.7 Maintenance
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1.8 Reliability 13 in the first pla
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1.8 Reliability 15 contain a comma
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Ease of maintenance Reliability Con
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Exercises 19 • Exercises These ex
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Further reading 21 Analyses of the
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■ documentation ■ maintenance
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2.2 The tasks 25 An important examp
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2.4 Methodology 27 reality. Like an
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■ error free ■ fault ■ tested
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3.2 ● Technical feasibility 3.3 C
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3.5 Case study 33 The hardware cost
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Answers to self-test questions 3.1
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4.2 The concept of a requirement 37
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4.3 The qualities of a specificatio
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4.5 The requirements specification
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4.6 The structure of a specificatio
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4.7 ● Use cases 4.7 Use cases 45
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Summary The ideal characteristics o
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Further reading 49 Further reading
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Page 78 and 79: 5.3 Styles of human-computer interf
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Page 84 and 85: SELF-TEST QUESTION 5.2 What problem
Page 86 and 87: 5.8 Help systems 63 Our plan is to
Page 88 and 89: Further reading 65 5.5 Design a use
Page 90 and 91: CHAPTER 6 Modularity This chapter e
Page 92 and 93: 6.2 Why modularity? 69 observed fau
Page 94 and 95: Figure 6.1 Two alternative software
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Page 98 and 99: 6.6 Information hiding 75 The class
Page 100 and 101: 6.8 ● Coupling 6.8 Coupling 77 We
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Page 104 and 105: 3. Temporal cohesion 6.9 Cohesion 8
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Page 108 and 109: • Exercises 6.1 What is modularit
Page 110 and 111: CHAPTER 7 Structured programming Th
Page 112 and 113: 7.2 Arguments against goto 89 If we
Page 114 and 115: ■ if-then-else ■ while-do or re
Page 116 and 117: 7.3 Arguments in favor of goto 93 l
Page 118 and 119: 7.4 Selecting control structures 95
Page 120 and 121: while do if endif then else endWhil
Page 122 and 123: • Exercises 7.1 Review the argume
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Page 128 and 129: start button event create defender
Page 130 and 131: 8.3 ● Discussion Abstraction One
Page 132 and 133: Exercises 109 skill. On the other h
Page 134 and 135: CHAPTER 9 This chapter explains: 9.
Page 136 and 137: 9.2 Identifying data flows 113 Noti
Page 138 and 139: 9.3 Creation of a structure chart 1
Page 140 and 141: SELF-TEST QUESTION 9.4 Discussion 1
Page 142 and 143: Exercises 119 During the second sta
Page 144 and 145: CHAPTER 10 This chapter explains:
Page 146 and 147: In English, this reads: 10.2 A simp
Page 148 and 149: 10.2 A simple example 125 Now comes
Page 150 and 151: 10.4 Multiple input and output stre
Page 152 and 153: Process header Process issue 10.4 M
Page 154 and 155: 10.5 Structure clashes 131 As seen
Page 156 and 157: 10.5 Structure clashes 133 Let us r
Page 158 and 159: 10.6 Discussion 135 ■ teachable -
Page 160 and 161: Exercises 137 2. a control block, s
Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 11 Object-oriented design T
Page 164 and 165: Figure 11.1 The cyberspace invaders
Page 166 and 167: SELF-TEST QUESTION 11.1 Derive info
Page 168 and 169: 11.5 Class-responsibility-collabora
Page 170 and 171: 11.7 ● Discussion Summary 147 OOD
Page 172 and 173: 11.11 Compare and contrast the prin
Page 174 and 175: CHAPTER 12 This chapter explains: 1
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12.3 Delegation 153 The concepts of
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12.5 Factory method 155 The followi
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12.8 Model, view controller (observ
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Figure 12.4 Pipe and Filter pattern
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Figure 12.6 Layers in a distributed
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Answers to self-test questions 163
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CHAPTER 13 Refactoring This chapter
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13.3 ● Move Method 13.6 Inline Cl
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class Sprite Instance variables x y
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Summary Summary 171 it is making po
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PART C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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176 Chapter 14 ■ The basics and a
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178 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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180 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Ear
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182 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > Cas
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184 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > > >
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186 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > } }
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188 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Unfor
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190 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Ada d
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192 Chapter 14 ■ The basics The w
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194 Chapter 14 ■ The basics In a
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196 Chapter 14 ■ The basics > str
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198 Chapter 14 ■ The basics Answe
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CHAPTER 15 Object-oriented programm
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202 Chapter 15 ■ Object-oriented
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222 Chapter 16 ■ Programming in t
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238 Chapter 17 ■ Software robustn
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260 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting GNU/Li
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262 Chapter 18 ■ Scripting In sum
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PART D VERIFICATION
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268 Chapter 19 ■ Testing We begin
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270 Chapter 19 ■ Testing within a
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272 Chapter 19 ■ Testing Test num
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274 Chapter 19 ■ Testing if (a >=
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276 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 3. apply
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278 Chapter 19 ■ Testing made con
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280 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.3 Dev
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282 Chapter 19 ■ Testing 19.2 The
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284 Chapter 20 ■ Groups The term
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286 Chapter 20 ■ Groups Of course
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288 Chapter 20 ■ Groups • Exerc
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CHAPTER 21 This chapter explains: 2
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Stage Input Output 21.3 Feedback be
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Summary The essence and the strengt
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CHAPTER 22 This chapter: 22.1 ● I
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22.2 The spiral model 299 to try to
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22.4 ● Discussion Exercises 301 A
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CHAPTER 23 Prototyping This chapter
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Therefore, in summary: ■ the prod
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23.5 Evolutionary prototyping 307 U
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Reuse components 23.6 Rapid prototy
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Pitfalls For users, the problems of
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Answers to self-test questions 313
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24.2 ● Big-bang implementation 24
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Tested component Figure 24.1 Top-do
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24.7 ● Use case driven implementa
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■ middle-out ■ use case based.
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 25.1 What is the
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sharing of software or their own re
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Summary 327 Inappropriate patches,
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Further reading 329 Cathedral and t
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These are qualified by the statemen
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26.3 Extreme programming 333 develo
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SELF-TEST QUESTION 26.3 Which of th
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CHAPTER 27 This chapter explains:
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Figure 27.1 The phases of the unifi
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27.5 ● Iteration 27.6 Case study
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The transition phase Summary 343 Th
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PART F PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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348 Chapter 28 ■ Teams The commun
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350 Chapter 28 ■ Teams Level of s
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352 Chapter 28 ■ Teams A chief pr
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354 Chapter 28 ■ Teams benefits o
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356 Chapter 28 ■ Teams • Furthe
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358 Chapter 29 ■ Software metrics
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372 Chapter 30 ■ Project manageme
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31.3 Case study - assessing verific
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31.5 A single development method? 3
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Further reading 391 31.2 Draw up a
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32.3 ● The world of programming l
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32.5 ● The real world of software
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32.6 Control versus skill 397 Final
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Formal methods 32.7 Future methods
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Summary 401 In the short-term futur
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Further reading 403 An extensive tr
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APPENDIX A Case studies are used th
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Figure A.1 Cyberspace invaders A.4
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APPENDIX B Glossary Within the fiel
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C.2 ● Class diagrams C.2 Class di
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util Figure C.6 A package diagram S
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References to books and websites ar
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abstraction 99, 107 acceptance test
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fork 324 formal methods 276, 388, 3
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quality 18, 362 quality assurance 1
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