Appendix K - Tungsten Information - STATES
Appendix K - Tungsten Information - STATES Appendix K - Tungsten Information - STATES
iv ERDC/CRRELTR-07-XX Solubility Tests 48 Batch tests 48 Dissolution Experiments 49 DISCUSSION ...51 DISTRIBUTIONOF TUNGSTEN 51 FATEANDTRANSPORTOF TUNGSTEN 53 MASSBALANCE ...... 54 X-RAY FLUORESCENCEVERSUSINDUCTIVELYCOUPLEDPLASMA 55 CONCLUSIONS ... ... ...56 RECOMMENDATIONS 56 REFERENCES 57 IllUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Schematic and photograph of 5.56 mm tungsten/nylon projectile. 3 Figure 2. photograph oftungsten/nylon core. 3 Figure 3. Schematic of a typical small arms firing range. 6 Figure 4. Example of a bullet pocket located behind a target. 7 Figure 5. Small ARMS firing Ranges at camp edwards. 11 Figure 6. Bravo "B" Range at Camp Edwards. 12 Figure 7. Charlie "C" Range at Camp Edwards. 12 Figure 8. India "I" Range at Camp Edwards. 13 Figure 9. Decision units for Bravo Range and number of surface soil samples collected. 14 Figure 10. Decision units for Charlie Range and number of surface soil samples collected. 14 Figure 11. Decision units for India Range and number ofsurface soil samples collected. 15 Figure 12. Subsurface soil sample corer. 16 Figure 13. Bravo Range surface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg) by decision unts. 33 Figure 14. Bravo Range subsurface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg). 34 Figure 15. Charlie Range surface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg) by decision unts 36 Figure 16. Charlie Range subsurface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg). 36 Figure 17. India Range surface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg) by decision unts. 38 Figure 18. India Range subsurface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg). 38 Figure 19. Tungsten pore-water trends for Bravo Range Iysimeters. 40 Figure 20. Lysimeter tip depth (in bgs) versus mean tungsten concentrations. 42 Figure 21. Location of Monitoring wells sampled for the tungsten fate-and-transport study. 43 Figure 22. Desorption batch experiment Assessing the relationship between tungsten soil concentrations and water tungsten concentrations. 49 Figure 23. Tungsten pore-water trends for Charlie Range Iysimeters. 52 Figure 24. Tungsten pore-water trends for India Range Iysimeters. 52 TABLES Table 1. number of tungsten/nylon rounds fired at Camp Edwards and total mass of tungsten by small arms firing range per training year. 10 Table 2. Number of surface and subsurface samples collected at B, C and I RangeS at Camp
v ERDC/CRREL TR-07 -xx Edwards. 16 Table 3. quality control elements, frequency of implementation, and acceptance criteria followed for analysis of tungsten and heavy metals in soils and waters. 25 Table 4. quality control sample results. 27 Table 5. Bravo Range surface soil samples. 32 Table 6. Charlie Range surface soil samples. 35 Table 7. India Range surface soil samples. 37 Table 8. Lysimeter tungsten results (mg/I). 41 Table 9. Groundwater tungsten results 46 Table 10. Concentration of tungsten in water dripped onto tungsten/ nylon bullet. 50
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iv ERDC/CRRELTR-07-XX<br />
Solubility Tests 48<br />
Batch tests 48<br />
Dissolution Experiments 49<br />
DISCUSSION ...51<br />
DISTRIBUTIONOF TUNGSTEN 51<br />
FATEANDTRANSPORTOF TUNGSTEN 53<br />
MASSBALANCE ...... 54<br />
X-RAY FLUORESCENCEVERSUSINDUCTIVELYCOUPLEDPLASMA 55<br />
CONCLUSIONS ... ... ...56<br />
RECOMMENDATIONS 56<br />
REFERENCES 57<br />
IllUSTRATIONS<br />
Figure 1. Schematic and photograph of 5.56 mm tungsten/nylon projectile. 3<br />
Figure 2. photograph oftungsten/nylon core. 3<br />
Figure 3. Schematic of a typical small arms firing range. 6<br />
Figure 4. Example of a bullet pocket located behind a target. 7<br />
Figure 5. Small ARMS firing Ranges at camp edwards. 11<br />
Figure 6. Bravo "B" Range at Camp Edwards. 12<br />
Figure 7. Charlie "C" Range at Camp Edwards. 12<br />
Figure 8. India "I" Range at Camp Edwards. 13<br />
Figure 9. Decision units for Bravo Range and number of surface soil samples collected. 14<br />
Figure 10. Decision units for Charlie Range and number of surface soil samples collected. 14<br />
Figure 11. Decision units for India Range and number ofsurface soil samples collected. 15<br />
Figure 12. Subsurface soil sample corer. 16<br />
Figure 13. Bravo Range surface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg) by decision unts. 33<br />
Figure 14. Bravo Range subsurface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg). 34<br />
Figure 15. Charlie Range surface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg) by decision unts 36<br />
Figure 16. Charlie Range subsurface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg). 36<br />
Figure 17. India Range surface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg) by decision unts. 38<br />
Figure 18. India Range subsurface soil tungsten concentrations (mg/kg). 38<br />
Figure 19. <strong>Tungsten</strong> pore-water trends for Bravo Range Iysimeters. 40<br />
Figure 20. Lysimeter tip depth (in bgs) versus mean tungsten concentrations. 42<br />
Figure 21. Location of Monitoring wells sampled for the tungsten fate-and-transport study. 43<br />
Figure 22. Desorption batch experiment Assessing the relationship between tungsten soil<br />
concentrations and water tungsten concentrations. 49<br />
Figure 23. <strong>Tungsten</strong> pore-water trends for Charlie Range Iysimeters. 52<br />
Figure 24. <strong>Tungsten</strong> pore-water trends for India Range Iysimeters. 52<br />
TABLES<br />
Table 1. number of tungsten/nylon rounds fired at Camp Edwards and total mass of tungsten by<br />
small arms firing range per training year. 10<br />
Table 2. Number of surface and subsurface samples collected at B, C and I RangeS at Camp
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