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40 Chapter 2—System Components and Configuration systems require BIOS configuration to optimize performance if you install EDO memory (see Figure 2.8). .125 (3.18) TYP .250 (6.35) .080 (2.03) PIN 1 1.75 (44.45) TYP 4.260 (108.20) 4.240 (107.70) .250 (6.35) 3.75 (95.25) Figure 2.8 A typical 72-pin SIMM, although the dimensions would be the same for 32-bit. DIMMs DIMMs became popular with the rise of the Pentium II/III/Celeron family of processors—AMD’s Athlon series—and can also be found on many late-model Pentium and “Super Socket 7” motherboards used with AMD K6-series and Cyrix 6x86MX/MII processors (see Figure 2.9). DIMMs are the most popular and fastest type of memory module in widespread use. Most DIMMs are Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM). On motherboards with both SIMM and DIMM sockets, SDRAMs cannot be used in conjunction with SIMMs, but the relatively rare EDO DIMMs can be used along with EDO SIMMs. .050 (1.27) TYP The following features are common to all DIMMs: • Three edge connectors of varying widths for positive keying .040 (1.02) TYP • Different pinouts on each side of the DIMM .079 (2.00) R (2X) .118 (3.00) R (2X) .118 (3.00) TYP .118 (3.00) TYP FRONT VIEW 5.260 (133.80) 5.240 (133.00) .250 (6.35) TYP 1.661 (42.18) .039 (1.00)R (2X) .39 (1.27) 2.625 (66.68) TYP PIN 1 (PIN 85 ON BACKSIDE) 4.550 (115.57) .050 (1.27) TYP + .133 (3.38) TYP .235 (5.97) MIN 1.010 (25.65) .990 (25.15) .400 (10.16) TYP – 1.260 (32.00) 1240 (31.50) .700 (17.7B) TYP .128 (3.25) .118 (3.00) (2x) PIN 84 (PIN 168 ON BACKSIDE) .350 (8.98) MAX .054 (1.37) .047 (1.19) .350 (8.89) MAX .054 (1.37) .046 (1.17) Figure 2.9 A typical 168-pin DIMM. The one shown here is 72-bit, although the dimensions would be the same for 64-bit. RDRAM The RDRAM, or Rambus DRAM, is a radical new memory design that is slowly appearing in high-end PC systems that use Intel chipsets. RDRAM differs from previous memory devices in that it provides multiple high-speed (800MHz), narrow-channel (16-bit–wide) data
Memory Types 41 transfers to and from a 128-bit memory bus instead of the slower (100MHz or 66MHz), 32-bit or 64-bit data transfers of SDRAM and previous memory types. RDRAM modules are called RIMMs (Rambus Inline Memory Module), and any unused RIMM slots on a motherboard must be filled with a continuity module to permit a continuous high-speed data pathway through the RIMMs (see Figure 2.10). Each RIMM represents multiple memory banks, and thus a single RIMM at a time can be added to a system—much the way installation of DIMMs works, although the memory types are not interchangeable. 1.00 [0.039] 3.00 [0.118] Detail A 4.00 [0.157] 5.675 [0.2234] REF. A-1 + COMPONENT AREA (A SIDE) + B-1 133.35 +0.15 -0.15 5.250+0.006 -0.006 + Detail B 1.00[0.039] 11.50[0.453] 4.50[1.772] 45.00[1.777] 27.50[1.083] 45.00[1.772] +0.08 55.18 -0.08 78.17[3.078] REF. 2.172+0.003 -0.003 -A- + + COMPONENT AREA (B SIDE) + + + B-92 17.78 [0.700] 0.85 [0.033] 4.00 +0.15 -0.15 0.157+0.006 -0.006 -B- A-92 1.27 +0.10 -0.10 0.050 +0.004 -0.004 +0.10 3.00 -0.10 0.80 +0.10 Detail B -0.10 TYP. 184 PLCS 0.15 +0.10 -0.10 3XScale 2.99 +0.05 -0.05 Capacitor CSP Note: Components Not Always Present on B side 0.75-1.35 [0.030-0.053] -C- + 3XScale Figure 2.10 Typical RDRAM bus layout, showing two RIMMs and one continuity module installed. DDR SDRAM Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM memory is an improved version of standard SDRAM in which data is transferred twice as fast. Instead of doubling the actual clock rate, DDR memory achieves the doubling in performance by transferring twice per transfer cycle—once at the leading (falling) and once at the trailing (rising) edge of the cycle. This is similar to the way RDRAM operates and effectively doubles the transfer rate, even though the same overall clock and timing signals are used. DDR SDRAM is supported by many of the newest server chipsets and provides a design alternative to the more radical RDRAM. The DDR Consortium—an industry panel consisting of Fujitsu, Ltd.; Hitachi, Ltd.; Hyundai Electronics Industries Co.; Mitsubishi Electric Corp.; NEC Corp.; Samsung Electronics Co.; Texas Instruments, Inc.; and Toshiba Corp.—undertook official standardization of DDR. 2.00 +0.10 -0.10 3.99 +0.10 -0.10 DDR-SDRAM uses a new DIMM module design with 184 pins. Figure 2.11 shows the DDR SDRAM DIMM.
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UPGRADING AND REPAIRING PCs TECHNIC
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Associate Publisher Greg Wiegand Se
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Contents 1 General Technical Refere
Page 7 and 8: Contents vii IDE Hard Drive Identif
Page 9 and 10: Serial Port Configuration 172 Avoid
Page 11 and 12: Contents xi Sound Quality Standards
Page 13 and 14: About the Authors Scott Mueller is
Page 15 and 16: watch, photograph, and (occasionall
Page 17 and 18: Tell Us What You Think! As the read
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 General Technical Referen
Page 21 and 22: Understanding Bits, Nibbles, and By
Page 23 and 24: Note Glossary of Essential Terms 5
Page 25 and 26: Glossary of Essential Terms 7 Table
Page 27 and 28: Glossary of Essential Terms 9 Table
Page 29 and 30: Table 1.5 Hexadecimal/ASCII Convers
Page 31 and 32: Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions 13 Ta
Page 33 and 34: Table 1.5 Hexadecimal/ASCII Convers
Page 35: Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions 17 Ta
Page 38 and 39: 20 Chapter 2—System Components an
Page 54 and 55: 36 Caution Chapter 2—System Compo
Page 56 and 57: 38 Table 2.15 Troubleshooting Power
Page 62 and 63: 44 modules can be divided by 9, but
Page 68 and 69: 50 Other Add-On Card Configuration
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 3 BIOS Configurations and
Page 89 and 90: Where BIOS Updates Come From 71 Tab
Page 91 and 92: How to Recover from a Failed BIOS U
Page 93 and 94: Note A complete list of PnP device
Page 95 and 96: Other BIOS Troubleshooting Tips 77
Page 97 and 98: Determining the Motherboard Manufac
Page 99 and 100: Determining the Motherboard Manufac
Page 101 and 102: Table 3.8 Common Keystrokes Used to
Page 103 and 104: Phoenix BIOS Beep Codes The followi
Page 105 and 106: Port 80h Beep Code Codes Error Mess
Page 107 and 108: BIOS Configuration Worksheet 89 BIO
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BIOS Configuration Worksheet 91 Sha
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4 SCSI and IDE Hard Drives and Opti
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Cable key prevents improperly plugg
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Breaking the 504MB (528-Million-Byt
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Table 4.3 Using LBA Mode Operating
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5. Use the #4 option—View Current
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Using LBA Mode 103 Table 4.6 Why ID
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Sources for BIOS Upgrades 105 Table
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Improving Hard Disk Speed 107 Figur
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Bus-Mastering Chipsets for IDE 109
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Table 4.13 Bus-Mastering Chipsets b
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Table 4.14 Other IDE Drive Installa
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standard single-ended SCSI devices
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SCSI Drive and Device Configuration
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SCSI Drive and Device Configuration
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Following these tips will help mini
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SCSI Configuration Troubleshooting
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Using FDISK 125 Using FDISK FDISK i
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Benefits of Hard Disk Partitioning
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How FDISK and the Operating System
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How FDISK and the Operating System
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Now, the operating system can use t
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The command switches are explained
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MS-DOS Command-Line Access to CD-RO
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• Make sure the drive shows up as
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Troubleshooting Optical Drives 141
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144 Chapter 5—Floppy, Removable,
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156 • OnStream’s ADR (Advanced
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160 Table 5.13 High-Performance Tap
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166 Chapter 6—Serial Ports and Mo
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168 Table 6.2 25-Pin (PC, XT, and P
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170 Table 6.4 Overview of UART Chip
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188 (These settings require changes
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190 Chapter 7—Parallel Ports, Pri
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192 Building a Parallel Loopback Pl
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