UPGRADING REPAIRING PCs
UPGRADING REPAIRING PCs
UPGRADING REPAIRING PCs
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Contents<br />
1 General Technical Reference 1<br />
PC Subsystem Components Quick Reference 1<br />
The Motherboard and Its Components 2<br />
Understanding Bits, Nibbles, and Bytes 3<br />
Standard Capacity Abbreviations and Meanings 3<br />
Glossary of Essential Terms 5<br />
PC99 Color Standards 10<br />
Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions 10<br />
2 System Components and Configuration 19<br />
Processors and Their Data Bus Widths 19<br />
Differences Between PC/XT and AT Systems 20<br />
Intel and Compatible Processor Specifications 21<br />
Troubleshooting Processor Problems 27<br />
Motherboard Form Factors 29<br />
Baby-AT Motherboard 30<br />
LPX Motherboard 31<br />
ATX Motherboard 31<br />
NLX Motherboard 32<br />
Which Motherboard Is Which? 32<br />
PC99 Color-Coding for Ports 33<br />
Power Supplies 34<br />
LPX Versus ATX Power Supplies 34<br />
Power Connectors for the Drive(s) 36<br />
Quick-Reference Chart for Troubleshooting Power<br />
Supplies 37<br />
Memory Types 38<br />
30-Pin SIMM 39<br />
72-Pin SIMM 39<br />
DIMMs 40<br />
RDRAM 40<br />
DDR SDRAM 41<br />
Parity Versus Non-Parity Memory 42<br />
Requirements for ECC Memory Use 43<br />
Using the Divide by 3 Rule to Determine Parity<br />
Support 43<br />
Using the Divide by 9 Rule to Determine Parity<br />
Support 43<br />
Expanding Memory on a System 44<br />
Memory Troubleshooting 45<br />
Memory Usage Within the System 46<br />
Hardware and Firmware Devices That Use Memory<br />
Addresses 46<br />
Using Memory Addresses Beyond 1MB (0FFFFF) 49<br />
Determining Memory Address Ranges in Use 49
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