UPGRADING REPAIRING PCs

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20 Chapter 2—System Components and Configuration 3. Designed by Cyrix, produced for Cyrix by IBM. Chips might be marked as “Cyrix” or “IBM”; pin-compatible with Pentium. 4. Designed by Cyrix, produced by Texas Instruments and others. Chips might be marked as “Cyrix” or “Texas Instruments.” Despite names, 486SLC was similar to 386SX, and 486DLC was similar to 386DX. 5. Used as an upgrade to 486SX/DX-based systems. 6. Different internally from AMD’s chip, but also used as an upgrade to 486SX/DX-based systems. 7. Pin-compatible with Intel Celeron. 8. Uses new Socket A technology. 9. Future CPU model; will be capable of running new 64-bit instructions as well as 32-bit Windows instructions; previously code-named “Merced.” 10. Future CPU model; is designed to run 32-bit Windows instructions. Differences Between PC/XT and AT Systems Systems that feature an 8-bit memory bus are called PC/XT systems after the pioneering IBM PC and IBM PC/XT. As you can see in Table 2.2, the differences between these systems and descendents of the IBM AT (16-bit memory bus and above) are significant. All modern systems fall into the AT category. Table 2.2 Differences Between PC/XT and AT Systems System Attributes PC/XT Type 8-Bit 16-, 32-, 64-Bit AT Type Supported processors All x86 or x88 286 or higher Processor modes Real Real, Protected, Virtual Real 2 Software supported 16-bit only 16- or 32-bit 2 Bus slot width 8-bit 16-, 32- 1 , and 64-bit 4 Slot type ISA only ISA, EISA 1 , MCA, PC-Card, Cardbus 3 , VL-Bus 3 , PCI 3 , AGP 4 Hardware interrupts 8 (6 usable) 16 (11 usable) DMA channels 4 (3 usable) 8 (7 usable) Maximum RAM 1MB 16MB/4GB1 or more Floppy controller 250 Kbit/sec 250, 300, 500, and speed 1,000 Kbit/sec Standard boot drive 360KB or 720KB 1.2M, 1.44MB, and 2.88MB Keyboard interface Unidirectional Bidirectional CMOS memory/clock None standard MC146818-compatible Serial-port UART 8250B 16450/16550A or better 1. Requires 386DX-based system or above 2. Requires 386SX-based system or above 3. Requires 486SX-based system or above 4. Requires Pentium-based system or above
Intel and Compatible Processor Specifications 21 Intel and Compatible Processor Specifications See Tables 2.3 and 2.4 to help determine the features of any CPU you encounter. It might be necessary to remove the heat sink or fan to see the processor markings on an older system, but many recent systems display CPU identification and speeds at startup. Table 2.4 shows the major Pentium-class CPUs made by companies other than Intel. The newest versions of these processors can often be used to upgrade an older Pentium—as long as proper voltage and system configuration information can be provided, either through adjusting the motherboard/BIOS settings or by purchasing an upgrade-type processor with third-party support. Footnotes for both tables follow Table 2.4.
Page 1 and 2: UPGRADING AND REPAIRING PCs TECHNIC
Page 3 and 4: Associate Publisher Greg Wiegand Se
Page 5 and 6: Contents 1 General Technical Refere
Page 7 and 8: Contents vii IDE Hard Drive Identif
Page 9 and 10: Serial Port Configuration 172 Avoid
Page 11 and 12: Contents xi Sound Quality Standards
Page 13 and 14: About the Authors Scott Mueller is
Page 15 and 16: watch, photograph, and (occasionall
Page 17 and 18: Tell Us What You Think! As the read
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 General Technical Referen
Page 21 and 22: Understanding Bits, Nibbles, and By
Page 23 and 24: Note Glossary of Essential Terms 5
Page 25 and 26: Glossary of Essential Terms 7 Table
Page 27 and 28: Glossary of Essential Terms 9 Table
Page 29 and 30: Table 1.5 Hexadecimal/ASCII Convers
Page 31 and 32: Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions 13 Ta
Page 33 and 34: Table 1.5 Hexadecimal/ASCII Convers
Page 35: Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions 17 Ta
Page 40 and 41: 22 Chapter 2—System Components an
Page 54 and 55: 36 Caution Chapter 2—System Compo
Page 56 and 57: 38 Table 2.15 Troubleshooting Power
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Page 68 and 69: 50 Other Add-On Card Configuration
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 3 3 BIOS Configurations and
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Where BIOS Updates Come From 71 Tab
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How to Recover from a Failed BIOS U
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Note A complete list of PnP device
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Other BIOS Troubleshooting Tips 77
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Determining the Motherboard Manufac
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Determining the Motherboard Manufac
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Table 3.8 Common Keystrokes Used to
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Phoenix BIOS Beep Codes The followi
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Port 80h Beep Code Codes Error Mess
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BIOS Configuration Worksheet 89 BIO
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BIOS Configuration Worksheet 91 Sha
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4 SCSI and IDE Hard Drives and Opti
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Cable key prevents improperly plugg
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Breaking the 504MB (528-Million-Byt
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Table 4.3 Using LBA Mode Operating
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5. Use the #4 option—View Current
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Using LBA Mode 103 Table 4.6 Why ID
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Sources for BIOS Upgrades 105 Table
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Improving Hard Disk Speed 107 Figur
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Bus-Mastering Chipsets for IDE 109
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Table 4.13 Bus-Mastering Chipsets b
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Table 4.14 Other IDE Drive Installa
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standard single-ended SCSI devices
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SCSI Drive and Device Configuration
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SCSI Drive and Device Configuration
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Following these tips will help mini
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SCSI Configuration Troubleshooting
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Using FDISK 125 Using FDISK FDISK i
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Benefits of Hard Disk Partitioning
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How FDISK and the Operating System
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How FDISK and the Operating System
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Now, the operating system can use t
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The command switches are explained
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MS-DOS Command-Line Access to CD-RO
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• Make sure the drive shows up as
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Troubleshooting Optical Drives 141
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144 Chapter 5—Floppy, Removable,
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156 • OnStream’s ADR (Advanced
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160 Table 5.13 High-Performance Tap
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166 Chapter 6—Serial Ports and Mo
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168 Table 6.2 25-Pin (PC, XT, and P
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170 Table 6.4 Overview of UART Chip
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188 (These settings require changes
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190 Chapter 7—Parallel Ports, Pri
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192 Building a Parallel Loopback Pl
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UPGRADING REPAIRING PCs

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