UPGRADING REPAIRING PCs

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2 Table 1.1 Major PC Subsystems and Where to Configure Them Contiuned Chapter 1—General Technical Reference How Configured and See Chapters Subsystem Components Controlled for Details Tape backup Jumper blocks and tape backup software 4, 5 Display Video card BIOS (basic features), 10 and monitor operating system (advanced features) Power supply (same) Autoselected voltage or slider switch on unit; on/off switch 2 The Motherboard and Its Components Figure 1.1 shows a typical motherboard with its major components labeled as it would appear before installation in a system. Figure 1.1 A typical ATX motherboard (overhead view). Figure 1.2 shows the ports on a typical ATX motherboard as they would be seen from the rear of the system.
Understanding Bits, Nibbles, and Bytes 3 Figure 1.2 Ports on the rear of a typical ATX motherboard. Understanding Bits, Nibbles, and Bytes The foundation of all memory and disk size calculations is the byte. When storing plain-text data, a byte equals one character. Data can also be stored or transmitted in portions of a byte. A bit equals 1/8 of a byte, or, in other words, a byte equals eight bits. A nibble equals 1/2 of a byte, or four bits. Thus, two nibbles equal one byte. Keep the difference between bits and bytes in mind as you review the table of standard capacity abbreviations and meanings. Standard Capacity Abbreviations and Meanings Use the following table to translate megabytes, gigabytes, and the other abbreviations used to refer to memory and disk space into their decimal or binary values. Unfortunately, some parts of the computer industry use the decimal values, while others use the binary values. Typically, hard disk and other drive manufacturers rate their products in decimal megabytes or gigabytes. On the other hand, the ROM BIOS on most (but not all) systems and the MS-DOS and Windows FDISK programs use binary megabytes or gigabytes, thus creating an apparent discrepancy in disk capacity. RAM is virtually always calculated using binary values.
Page 1 and 2: UPGRADING AND REPAIRING PCs TECHNIC
Page 3 and 4: Associate Publisher Greg Wiegand Se
Page 5 and 6: Contents 1 General Technical Refere
Page 7 and 8: Contents vii IDE Hard Drive Identif
Page 9 and 10: Serial Port Configuration 172 Avoid
Page 11 and 12: Contents xi Sound Quality Standards
Page 13 and 14: About the Authors Scott Mueller is
Page 15 and 16: watch, photograph, and (occasionall
Page 17 and 18: Tell Us What You Think! As the read
Page 19: Chapter 1 General Technical Referen
Page 23 and 24: Note Glossary of Essential Terms 5
Page 25 and 26: Glossary of Essential Terms 7 Table
Page 27 and 28: Glossary of Essential Terms 9 Table
Page 29 and 30: Table 1.5 Hexadecimal/ASCII Convers
Page 31 and 32: Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions 13 Ta
Page 33 and 34: Table 1.5 Hexadecimal/ASCII Convers
Page 35: Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions 17 Ta
Page 38 and 39: 20 Chapter 2—System Components an
Page 54 and 55: 36 Caution Chapter 2—System Compo
Page 56 and 57: 38 Table 2.15 Troubleshooting Power
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52 Chapter 2—System Components an
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Chapter 3 3 BIOS Configurations and
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Where BIOS Updates Come From 71 Tab
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How to Recover from a Failed BIOS U
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Note A complete list of PnP device
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Other BIOS Troubleshooting Tips 77
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Determining the Motherboard Manufac
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Determining the Motherboard Manufac
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Table 3.8 Common Keystrokes Used to
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Phoenix BIOS Beep Codes The followi
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Port 80h Beep Code Codes Error Mess
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BIOS Configuration Worksheet 89 BIO
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BIOS Configuration Worksheet 91 Sha
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4 SCSI and IDE Hard Drives and Opti
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Cable key prevents improperly plugg
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Breaking the 504MB (528-Million-Byt
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Table 4.3 Using LBA Mode Operating
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5. Use the #4 option—View Current
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Using LBA Mode 103 Table 4.6 Why ID
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Sources for BIOS Upgrades 105 Table
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Improving Hard Disk Speed 107 Figur
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Bus-Mastering Chipsets for IDE 109
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Table 4.13 Bus-Mastering Chipsets b
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Table 4.14 Other IDE Drive Installa
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standard single-ended SCSI devices
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SCSI Drive and Device Configuration
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SCSI Drive and Device Configuration
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Following these tips will help mini
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SCSI Configuration Troubleshooting
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Using FDISK 125 Using FDISK FDISK i
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Benefits of Hard Disk Partitioning
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How FDISK and the Operating System
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How FDISK and the Operating System
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Now, the operating system can use t
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The command switches are explained
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MS-DOS Command-Line Access to CD-RO
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• Make sure the drive shows up as
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Troubleshooting Optical Drives 141
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144 Chapter 5—Floppy, Removable,
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156 • OnStream’s ADR (Advanced
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160 Table 5.13 High-Performance Tap
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166 Chapter 6—Serial Ports and Mo
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168 Table 6.2 25-Pin (PC, XT, and P
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170 Table 6.4 Overview of UART Chip
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188 (These settings require changes
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190 Chapter 7—Parallel Ports, Pri
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192 Building a Parallel Loopback Pl
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