CHAPTER 13

706 Chapter 13 Optical Storage
Table 13.8 Continued
Format Name Introduced Notes
White Book Video CD 1993 - by Philips, Based on CD-i and CD-ROM XA. It
JVC, Matsushita, stores up to 74 minutes of MPEG-1
and Sony video and ADPCM digital audio data.
Blue Book CD EXTRA (formerly 1995 - by Philips Multisession format for stamped discs;
CD-Plus or and Sony used by musical artists to incorporate
enhanced music) videos, liner notes, and other
information on audio CDs.
Red Book—CD-DA
The Red Book introduced by Philips and Sony in 1980 is the father of all compact-disc specifications
because all other “books” or formats are based on the original CD-DA Red Book format. For more
information on the Red Book format, see the section “CDs: A Brief History” at the beginning of this
chapter.
The Red Book specification includes the main parameters, audio specification, disc specification, optical
stylus, modulation system, error correction system, and the control and display system. The latest
revision of the Red Book is dated May 1999.
Yellow Book—CD-ROM
The Yellow Book was first published by Philips, Sony, and Microsoft in 1983 and has been revised and
amended several times since. The Yellow Book standard took the physical format of the original CD-
DA, or Red Book, standard and added another layer of error detection and correction to enable data to
be stored reliably. It also added additional synchronization and header information to enable sectors
to be more accurately located. Yellow Book specifies two types of sectoring—called Mode 1 (with error
correction) and Mode 2—which offer different levels of error detection and correction schemes. Some
data (computer files, for example) can’t tolerate errors. However, other data, such as a video image or
sound, can tolerate minor errors. By using a mode with less error correction information, more data
can be stored, but with the possibility of uncorrected errors.
In 1989, the Yellow Book was issued as an international standard by the ISO as ISO/IEC 10149, Data
Interchange on Read-Only 120mm Optical Discs (CD-ROM). The latest version of the Yellow Book is dated
May 1999.
Green Book—CD-i
The Green Book was published by Philips and Sony in 1986. CD-i is much more than just a disc format;
instead it is a complete specification for an entire interactive system consisting of custom hardware
(players) designed to be connected to a television, software designed to deliver video and audio
together with user interactivity in real time, and the media and format. A CD-i player is actually a
dedicated computer usually running a variant on the Motorola 68000 processor line, as well as a customized
version of the Microware OS/9 Real Time Operating System.
CD-i enables both audio and video to share a disc and enables the information to be interleaved so as
to maintain syncronization between the pictures and sounds. To fit both audio and video in the same
space originally designed for just audio, compression was performed. The video was compressed using
the Moving Picture Experts Group-1 (MPEG-1) compression standard, whereas the audio was compressed
with adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM). ADPCM is an audio encoding
algorithm that takes about half the space for the same quality of standard PCM, and even less if quality
is reduced by lowering the sampling rate or bits per sample. Using ADPCM, up to 8 hours of stereo