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IV Maquiladora Attitudes THE MAQUILADORA SITUATION A few days be<strong>for</strong>e Christmas 2001, workers lined up outside the entrance to the Mabamex toy factory in Tijuana, which manufactures toys <strong>for</strong> Mattel. The workers were there to receive their Christmas bonus, which consisted partly of toys. Many of the workers also received layoff notices (Enriquez 2003). While conditions in maquilas are often dangerous and unpleasant by U.S. standards, the jobs are attractive to Mexican workers who migrate in large numbers from the interior to the border to find work. As the Mabamex story illustrates, these jobs are becoming harder to find as layoffs become more common. Indeed, the maquila industry has been in a sharp recession since October 2000. That month, employment peaked at 1.3 million workers. By December 2002, workers numbered only 1.1 million, a decline of 19.5% (Erickson Forthcoming). Both cyclical and structural factors have contributed to the decline in maquila employment and production since 2000; the U.S. economy has also played a role. Maquilas sell most of their production to the United States and the U.S. corporations own a large majority of the plants, so the close link between U.S. industrial production and maquila employment is not surprising (Figure 1). Mexican maquilas are also facing increasing global competition, especially from China, Central America, and the Caribbean (GAO 2003). The real depreciation of the peso relative to the dollar is also a problem. Representatives of the maquila industry complain of uncertainty about taxes. At the same time, the special status of the 77
Improving Transboundary Air Quality with Binational Emission Reduction Credit Trading maquila industry has been phased out as part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The decline of the maquila industry has been felt on the U.S. side as well. Border tariffs were down 10% in 2001 (GAO 2003). Employees Figure 1. U.S. Industrial Production v. Maquila Employment 1,400,000 1,350,000 1,300,000 1,250,000 1,200,000 1,150,000 1,100,000 1,050,000 1,000,000 Jan-00 Jul-00 Jan-01 Sources: Federal Reserve Board of Governors; INEGI The maquila industry is likely to be a major player in any emissions trading program developed on the border, so conditions in the maquila industry will be important in determining the success of emissions trading. The current adverse conditions, one might think, would limit interest in establishing an emissions trading program. To test this, a survey of maquilas was conducted in Ciudad Juárez, Matamoros, and Reynosa. Two basic findings were made: There is considerable confusion about emissions trading, and despite the downturn in the maquila industry, there is interest in finding out more about it. This chapter summarizes the survey results. 78 Jul-01 Months Maquila Employment U.S. Industrial Production Jan-02 Jul-02 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 Dollars (percent of 1997 average)
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THE SCERP MISSION The Southwest Con
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Authors SCERP Monograph Series, no.
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Published by San Diego State Univer
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Contents Foreword v Prefacio ix Pre
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Improving Transboundary Air Quality
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Prefacio “Si vale la pena tener u
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Prefacio pudiera ser difícil, cost
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I Introduction THE VIEW FROM EL PAS
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Introduction Resource Conservation
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Introduction approaches to correcti
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Introduction into the environment.
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Introduction maquiladoras, to hire
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Introduction (PM 10 and PM 2.5 )—
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Introduction installing scrubbers,
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Introduction The existence of emiss
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Introduction would require an initi
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Introduction EPE generated emission
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OVERVIEW Introduction This volume i
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II A Snapshot of the Border THE MEA
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Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Percentage Change in Borde
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Page 56 and 57: A Snapshot of the Border plants tha
Page 58 and 59: A Snapshot of the Border Air Qualit
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Page 62 and 63: A Snapshot of the Border million in
Page 64: A Snapshot of the Border THE ENVIRO
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Page 92 and 93: Appendix A Excerpts from the Border
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Page 103 and 104: Nearly 90% think Mexican environmen
Page 114 and 115: Appendix B Survey Instrument Encues
Page 116 and 117: Manquiladora Attitudes 13) ¿Tu com
Page 118 and 119: Manquiladora Attitudes 22)¿Habías
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Designing a Transborder Trading Sch
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abatement activities, 4, 6-7, 16, 1
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automobile and truck, 47 banking, 2
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nitrogen oxide (NO x), 9-10, 16-18,
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