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Environmental Regulation and the Border Stung by the criticism of their previous efforts, EPA and SEMAR- NAT sought to increase public participation in the development of their next border plan, Border 2012 (Figure 2). Indeed, Border 2012 includes 10 goals, six of which deal with promoting local participation either directly or indirectly (see Appendix). 5 Overall coordination of Border 2012, consistent with the La Paz Agreement, rests with EPA and SEMARNAT. The program is organized into 10 sub-organizations. Three of these are policy forums—air, water, and hazardous solid waste; three are border-wide working groups—environmental health, emergency preparedness, and cooperative enforcement and compliance; the final four, in an innovation aimed at increasing local participation, are regional working groups—California-Baja California, Arizona-Sonora, New Mexico-Texas-Chihuahua, and Texas-Coahuila-Nuevo León-Tamaulipas. Any of these 10 sub-organizations can form task forces to address specific issues that may arise. Figure 2. Organization of the Border 2012 Program Regional Workgroups California-Baja California Arizona-Sonora New Mexico- Texas-Chihuahua Texas-Coahuila- Nuevo León- Tamaulipas Source: EPA 2002f National Coordinators EPA SEMARNAT Border-wide Workgroups Environmental Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Cooperative Enforcement and Compliance Task Forces Address specific regionally and community-identified concerns by implementing site-specific projects 63 Policy Forums Air Water Hazardous and Solid Waste
Improving Transboundary Air Quality with Binational Emission Reduction Credit Trading Border 2012 deals with several issues relevant to air quality. Goal #2 aims to reduce air emissions “as much as possible toward attainment of respective national ambient air quality standards, and reduce exposure in the border region.” This is a rather vaguely worded goal. A major problem with such a vague goal is that quantifying success in achieving this goal will be difficult. 6 Recognizing this, Border 2012 contains two interim objectives dealing with air quality: the development of baseline and alternative scenarios for emission reductions by 2003 and the defining of specific emission reduction strategies and air quality and exposure objectives to be obtained by 2012. Achievement of these objectives will require, through a currently ongoing process, the installation of monitoring stations along the border and the integration of data into the Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS), which allows public access to data via the Internet. Border 2012 sets a rather modest health objective for air: The evaluation of various studies concerning respiratory health in children to determine the policies most likely to improve health on the border. The program also deals with compliance and enforcement issues relevant in achieving air quality goals. Goal #6 is the improvement of environmental performance through increased compliance, enforcement, pollution prevention, and the promotion of environmental stewardship. The plan sets three enforcement objectives: an increase in voluntary compliance and self-audits of 50% compared to the baseline by 2006, the determination of high-risk pollution sources in the border area and the setting of priorities in dealing with these sources, and increased enforcement in accordance with the priorities set in the second objective. The Border 2012 Program is an improvement over its predecessors, especially in the promotion of public participation. With regard to emissions trading, monitoring of ambient air quality, development of an emissions inventory, and on-site monitoring are prerequisites for a cap-and-trade system. All are included in Border 2012. However, the plan sets only modest goals, envisioning, for example, only a 50% increase in point-source monitoring. It appears, then, that the prerequisite for a cap-and-trade system on the border is years away. This is unfortunate because cap-and-trade has been effective in achieving air quality goals set by the U.S. Acid 64
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THE SCERP MISSION The Southwest Con
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Authors SCERP Monograph Series, no.
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Published by San Diego State Univer
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Contents Foreword v Prefacio ix Pre
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Improving Transboundary Air Quality
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Prefacio “Si vale la pena tener u
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Prefacio pudiera ser difícil, cost
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I Introduction THE VIEW FROM EL PAS
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Introduction Resource Conservation
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Introduction approaches to correcti
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Introduction into the environment.
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Introduction maquiladoras, to hire
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Introduction (PM 10 and PM 2.5 )—
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Page 36 and 37: Introduction The existence of emiss
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Page 40 and 41: Introduction EPE generated emission
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW Introduction This volume i
Page 44 and 45: II A Snapshot of the Border THE MEA
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Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Percentage Change in Borde
Page 54 and 55: A Snapshot of the Border Another so
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Page 62 and 63: A Snapshot of the Border million in
Page 64: A Snapshot of the Border THE ENVIRO
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Page 92 and 93: Appendix A Excerpts from the Border
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Page 114 and 115: Appendix B Survey Instrument Encues
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Page 118 and 119: Manquiladora Attitudes 22)¿Habías
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Designing a Transborder Trading Sch
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abatement activities, 4, 6-7, 16, 1
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automobile and truck, 47 banking, 2
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nitrogen oxide (NO x), 9-10, 16-18,
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