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Environmental Regulation and the Border NADBank is not currently making loans to finance air quality projects, but may decide to become active in the future. One possible role for NADBank would be to finance projects that result in emission reductions, and then sell these emission reductions credits to defray lending costs, thus allowing NADBank to lend at more favorable terms. Such a program would be particularly attractive in dealing with small and medium businesses. NADBank would be able to package several small emission reductions into larger, more marketable securities. BORDER ENVIRONMENTAL PLANS The history of cooperation between the United States and Mexico on border environmental issues is mixed. The La Paz Agreement, 4 signed in 1983, serves as the legal basis for cooperation. It gives responsibility for coordinating border environmental policy to the Mexican and U.S. environment agencies, SEMARNAT and EPA. Each country is required to designate a specific official as the contact person for border issues—currently those are the administrator of EPA for the United States and the secretary of SEMARNAT for Mexico. The La Paz Agreement allows SEMARNAT and EPA to negotiate directly on border issues, develop comprehensive plans, and form working groups. A number of official programs have been adopted under the authority of the La Paz Agreement, with mixed results. The Integrated Border Environmental Plan (IBEP, also commonly referred to as the Border Plan) was the first of these. IBEP established six workgroups, each dedicated to an aspect of the border environment, including those for water and air. The working groups sought to develop border-wide responses, but many criticized this approach, pointing out that the border is a diverse area that requires local responses to local problems. The lack of local focus was not the only criticism of IBEP—it was also criticized for lack of public involvement because it was initiated with few public hearings and had limited mechanisms for public input. Many observers cite the lack of public involvement as the most important limitation of IBEP (CDC 2000). 61
Improving Transboundary Air Quality with Binational Emission Reduction Credit Trading In response to the criticism of IBEP, a new program for border cooperation called Border XXI was announced in 1996. Border XXI emphasized three strategies for achieving sustainable development on the border: • Ensuring public involvement in development and implementation of the Border XXI Program • Building capacity and decentralized environmental management to encourage state and local institutions in the implementation of Border XXI goals • Ensuring interagency cooperation to maximize resources and minimize duplication of efforts (EPA 1996) The Border XXI air workgroup identified five major goals for the five-year period of the program: • Develop air quality assessment and improvement programs such as monitoring, inventorying, and modeling • Build institutional infrastructure and technical expertise in the border area • Encourage ongoing public involvement • Promote air pollution abatement • Study potential economic incentive programs for reducing air pollution (EPA 1996) While Border XXI paid considerable lip service to public involvement, especially after the criticisms leveled against IBEP, in practice Border XXI had many of the same flaws of its predecessor. The decision to continue to rely on border-wide working groups tended to minimize state, tribal, and local input, thereby minimizing public involvement. State, tribal, and local officials complained bitterly of not being adequately consulted. In 1999, for example, New Mexico refused to participate in the Border XXI process as a protest against what was viewed by local officials as heavy-handed federal regulation (Faulker 1999). In public hearings during the final year of the Border XXI program, a continuing theme was the need for additional opportunities for public input (see, for example, NEJAC 2003). Like IBEP that preceded it, Border XXI was of limited success in large part due to the lack of opportunity for public participation. 62
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THE SCERP MISSION The Southwest Con
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Authors SCERP Monograph Series, no.
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Published by San Diego State Univer
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Contents Foreword v Prefacio ix Pre
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Improving Transboundary Air Quality
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Prefacio “Si vale la pena tener u
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Prefacio pudiera ser difícil, cost
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I Introduction THE VIEW FROM EL PAS
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Introduction Resource Conservation
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Introduction approaches to correcti
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Introduction into the environment.
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Introduction maquiladoras, to hire
Page 32 and 33: Introduction (PM 10 and PM 2.5 )—
Page 34 and 35: Introduction installing scrubbers,
Page 36 and 37: Introduction The existence of emiss
Page 38 and 39: Introduction would require an initi
Page 40 and 41: Introduction EPE generated emission
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW Introduction This volume i
Page 44 and 45: II A Snapshot of the Border THE MEA
Page 46 and 47: A Snapshot of the Border states—B
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Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Percentage Change in Borde
Page 54 and 55: A Snapshot of the Border Another so
Page 56 and 57: A Snapshot of the Border plants tha
Page 58 and 59: A Snapshot of the Border Air Qualit
Page 60 and 61: A Snapshot of the Border quality. T
Page 62 and 63: A Snapshot of the Border million in
Page 64: A Snapshot of the Border THE ENVIRO
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Page 92 and 93: Appendix A Excerpts from the Border
Page 94 and 95: Environmental Regulation and the Bo
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Page 103 and 104: Nearly 90% think Mexican environmen
Page 114 and 115: Appendix B Survey Instrument Encues
Page 116 and 117: Manquiladora Attitudes 13) ¿Tu com
Page 118 and 119: Manquiladora Attitudes 22)¿Habías
Page 120 and 121: V Designing a Transborder Trading S
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Designing a Transborder Trading Sch
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abatement activities, 4, 6-7, 16, 1
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automobile and truck, 47 banking, 2
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nitrogen oxide (NO x), 9-10, 16-18,
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