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A Snapshot of the Border Another source of environmental stress is economic activity, which generates air pollutants as byproducts. Industry is a major source of most common pollutants. Power plants are a major source of SO 2 ; industrial solvents and paints are a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); and on the border, agriculture and industry remain significant sources of anthropogenic particulate matter (PM). In addition to the direct effect on air quality from economic development and industrialization, there is also the indirect effect of industrialization increasing the demand for transportation both by workers who commute to and from work sites and by operations such as trucking and warehousing firms that service manufacturers. Of course, population and economic activity are closely linked, and the growth apparent in the population data is reflected in employment growth. Table 4 displays data for employment in large twin cities as well as for the national economies. Looking first at the United States, between 1990 and 2000 employment grew by 20% at the national level. Employment growth on the border was more rapid, with the most rapid growth occurring in Laredo (59%), followed by Eagle Pass (52%). Employment in San Diego and El Paso grew only slightly faster than the overall U.S. employment—21% in these two cities. Looking at Mexico, between 1990 and 2000 national employment grew by 44%. All border cities except Mexicali and Piedras Negras had employment growth exceeding the Mexican national average. The most rapidly growing city was Reynosa (85%), followed by Tijuana (71%) and Ciudad Juárez (69%). The two slowest-growing cities were Mexicali (42%) and Piedras Negras (43%). THE MAQUILADORA INDUSTRY Twin cities have traditionally specialized in industries that serve the border, such as customs collection, transportation, and warehousing. These traditional border industries have become less important in recent years. During the last three decades, businesses have increasingly chosen to locate along the border to take advantage of the differences between the two countries in terms of wages and working standards. Indeed, the primary source of economic growth along the border has been the maquiladora industry. Maquiladoras, also commonly referred to as maquilas, are manufacturing assembly 33
Table 4. Border Employment Improving Transboundary Air Quality with Binational Emission Reduction Credit Trading United States Mexico Binational 1990 2000 Change 1990 2000 Change 1990 2000 Change 1,438,146 1,733,921 21% 261,526 446,339 71% 1,699,672 2,180,260 28% Twin City 52,717 61,809 17% 200,104 284,884 42% 252,821 346,693 37% 5,876 7,542 28% 38,936 64,503 66% 44,812 72,045 61% 269,821 327,289 21% 283,182 479,771 69% 553,003 807,060 46% San Diego- Tijuana Calexico- Mexicali Nogales- Nogales El Paso- Ciudad Juárez 10,235 15,531 52% 32,095 46,010 43% 42,330 61,541 45% Eagle Pass- Piedras Negras Laredo-Nuevo Laredo McAllen- Reynosa 34 54,342 86,234 59% 69,803 115,669 66% 124,145 201,903 63% 135,909 210,928 55% 90,573 167,138 85% 226,482 378,066 67% Brownsville- 99,420 141,146 42% 105,127 163,280 55% 204,547 304,426 49% Matamoros National Total 139,426,900 167,465,300 20% 23,403,413 33,730,210 44% 162,830,313 201,195,510 24% Sources: Bureau of Economic Analysis; INEGI
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THE SCERP MISSION The Southwest Con
Page 3 and 4: Authors SCERP Monograph Series, no.
Page 5 and 6: Published by San Diego State Univer
Page 8: Contents Foreword v Prefacio ix Pre
Page 11 and 12: Improving Transboundary Air Quality
Page 14 and 15: Prefacio “Si vale la pena tener u
Page 16: Prefacio pudiera ser difícil, cost
Page 22 and 23: I Introduction THE VIEW FROM EL PAS
Page 24 and 25: Introduction Resource Conservation
Page 26 and 27: Introduction approaches to correcti
Page 28 and 29: Introduction into the environment.
Page 30 and 31: Introduction maquiladoras, to hire
Page 32 and 33: Introduction (PM 10 and PM 2.5 )—
Page 34 and 35: Introduction installing scrubbers,
Page 36 and 37: Introduction The existence of emiss
Page 38 and 39: Introduction would require an initi
Page 40 and 41: Introduction EPE generated emission
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW Introduction This volume i
Page 44 and 45: II A Snapshot of the Border THE MEA
Page 46 and 47: A Snapshot of the Border states—B
Page 48 and 49: A Snapshot of the Border Table 1. U
Page 50 and 51: A Snapshot of the Border Interestin
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Percentage Change in Borde
Page 56 and 57: A Snapshot of the Border plants tha
Page 58 and 59: A Snapshot of the Border Air Qualit
Page 60 and 61: A Snapshot of the Border quality. T
Page 62 and 63: A Snapshot of the Border million in
Page 64: A Snapshot of the Border THE ENVIRO
Page 92 and 93: Appendix A Excerpts from the Border
Page 94 and 95: Environmental Regulation and the Bo
Page 96: Environmental Regulation and the Bo
Page 103 and 104: Nearly 90% think Mexican environmen
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Improving Transboundary Air Quality
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Appendix B Survey Instrument Encues
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Manquiladora Attitudes 13) ¿Tu com
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Manquiladora Attitudes 22)¿Habías
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V Designing a Transborder Trading S
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Designing a Transborder Trading Sch
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abatement activities, 4, 6-7, 16, 1
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automobile and truck, 47 banking, 2
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nitrogen oxide (NO x), 9-10, 16-18,
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