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A Snapshot of the Border Interestingly, the peak of the EKC is estimated to be between a per capita income of $5,000 and $8,000, which means Mexican per capita income is such that economic development is associated with improvements in air and water quality. Moreover, as Mexico moves further along the EKC, Mexican and U.S. preferences for improved air quality should converge. 1 See, for example, Grossman and Krueger 1995; Wheeler 2001; Cole, et al. 1997; and Hettige, et al. 2000. For evidence contradicting the EKC hypothesis see Stern, et al. 2001. POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT Perhaps the most significant stressor on the environment is human population, so understanding border population trends is useful in determining the environmental pressures faced by the border. Table 2 reports population statistics for 1990 and 2000 for the largest border cities and for the overall border. Also included for comparison are figures for Mexico and the United States as a whole. According to the 2000 census, the largest U.S. city on the border was San Diego (about 2.8 million), followed by El Paso (about 680,000). The largest Mexican cities are Ciudad Juárez (1.3 million) and Tijuana (1.2 million). Looking at combined populations, the largest twin cities are San Diego-Tijuana (slightly more than 4 million) and El Paso-Ciudad Juárez (slightly less than 2 million). These large cities have stressed the border environment in general and air quality in particular. Population growth along the U.S.-Mexican border has varied (Table 3). On the U.S. side, the border population grew by 21% between the 1990 census and 2000 census, compared to 13% for the United States as a whole. McAllen was the fastest growing city (48%), followed by Laredo (45%). The only two U.S. border cities to lag behind the U.S. average population growth were San Diego (13%) and El Paso (15%). Population growth in Mexico is even more dramatic. Total Mexican border population grew by 43% between 1990 and 2000 while the overall population of Mexico increased by 20%. The Mexican cities with the most rapid growth 29
Table 2. Urban Border Population by Twin City Improving Transboundary Air Quality with Binational Emission Reduction Credit Trading United States Mexico Total Urban Area Twin City 1990 Census 2000 Census 1990 Census 2000 Census 1990 Census 2000 Census San Diego- Tijuana Calexico- Mexicali Nogales-Nogales El Paso-Ciudad Juárez Eagle Pass- Piedras Negras 30 Laredo-Nuevo Laredo McAllen- Reynosa Brownsville- Matamoros Total Border Total National Sources: U.S. Census; INEGI
Page 1 and 2: THE SCERP MISSION The Southwest Con
Page 3 and 4: Authors SCERP Monograph Series, no.
Page 5 and 6: Published by San Diego State Univer
Page 8: Contents Foreword v Prefacio ix Pre
Page 11 and 12: Improving Transboundary Air Quality
Page 14 and 15: Prefacio “Si vale la pena tener u
Page 16: Prefacio pudiera ser difícil, cost
Page 22 and 23: I Introduction THE VIEW FROM EL PAS
Page 24 and 25: Introduction Resource Conservation
Page 26 and 27: Introduction approaches to correcti
Page 28 and 29: Introduction into the environment.
Page 30 and 31: Introduction maquiladoras, to hire
Page 32 and 33: Introduction (PM 10 and PM 2.5 )—
Page 34 and 35: Introduction installing scrubbers,
Page 36 and 37: Introduction The existence of emiss
Page 38 and 39: Introduction would require an initi
Page 40 and 41: Introduction EPE generated emission
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW Introduction This volume i
Page 44 and 45: II A Snapshot of the Border THE MEA
Page 46 and 47: A Snapshot of the Border states—B
Page 48 and 49: A Snapshot of the Border Table 1. U
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Percentage Change in Borde
Page 54 and 55: A Snapshot of the Border Another so
Page 56 and 57: A Snapshot of the Border plants tha
Page 58 and 59: A Snapshot of the Border Air Qualit
Page 60 and 61: A Snapshot of the Border quality. T
Page 62 and 63: A Snapshot of the Border million in
Page 64: A Snapshot of the Border THE ENVIRO
Page 92 and 93: Appendix A Excerpts from the Border
Page 94 and 95: Environmental Regulation and the Bo
Page 96: Environmental Regulation and the Bo
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Improving Transboundary Air Quality
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Nearly 90% think Mexican environmen
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Appendix B Survey Instrument Encues
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Manquiladora Attitudes 13) ¿Tu com
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Manquiladora Attitudes 22)¿Habías
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V Designing a Transborder Trading S
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Designing a Transborder Trading Sch
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abatement activities, 4, 6-7, 16, 1
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automobile and truck, 47 banking, 2
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nitrogen oxide (NO x), 9-10, 16-18,
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