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A Snapshot of the Border states—Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. While the climate is varied, most of the border region is characterized by arid conditions, which makes water a major issue. Agriculture is the largest economic activity. Figure 1. The U.S.-Mexican Border Region Source: U.S.-Mexico Chamber of Commerce Formal ports-of-entry are located all along the border. These serve as conduits for both commercial and migration flows, thereby creating economic opportunities (Forster and Hamlyn 2002). Communities have developed around these ports-of-entry on both sides of the border, and it is in these twin cities that most of the border region population is located (Peach and Williams 2000). The largest of these twin cities are San Diego-Tijuana, Calexico-Mexicali (Imperial Valley), Nogales-Nogales (Ambos Nogales), El Paso- Ciudad Juárez (Paso del Norte), Laredo-Nuevo Laredo (Dos Laredos), Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras, McAllen-Reynosa, and Brownsville-Matamoros (Table 1). These urban agglomerations are often referred to as twin cities, although this phrase, while conven- 25
Improving Transboundary Air Quality with Binational Emission Reduction Credit Trading ient, is misleading. The cities are twins in the sense that they are adjacent, grew up together, and arise from the same mother—the border. But at best they must be considered fraternal twins because certainly they cannot be thought of as identical—they differ in population, density, income, and environmental infrastructure. Despite the limitations of the term “twin city,” the phrase is well-established in the lexicon of the border (see, for example, EPA 2002f) and will be used in this monograph to refer to transborder urban areas that have grown up along the boundary. THE ROLE OF POVERTY The U.S.-Mexican border region faces a unique set of circumstances that arise from the juxtaposition of two economies at very different levels of development. Adjusting for purchasing power parity, U.S. per capita income is about four times higher than Mexican per capita income ($36,100 versus $9,100). 2 Moreover, the difference in per capita income is apparent in differences in the quality of life, as is obvious to even the most casual observer. Crossing the border from the United States to Mexico, one leaves a relatively prosperous developed country and enters a less-developed country. Conditions are more crowded, the infrastructure is not as well maintained, and sanitation is poorer in Mexico. The situation is further complicated by the relative positions of the border communities within their respective countries (Erickson and Eaton 2002). The northern frontier of Mexico is characterized by the low income typical of developing countries, yet it is that nation’s wealthiest region. Mexico’s northern border region is more industrial and more urban than other regions of Mexico. In contrast, the U.S. borderlands are among the poorest in the United States (Peach and Williams 2000). Per capita income is less than 80% of the national average—approximately 60% of the national average if San Diego is excluded (Table 1). Unemployment is 50% greater than the national average. The poverty rate on the border is 25%, compared to 13% for the United States as a whole. 26
Page 1 and 2: THE SCERP MISSION The Southwest Con
Page 3 and 4: Authors SCERP Monograph Series, no.
Page 5 and 6: Published by San Diego State Univer
Page 8: Contents Foreword v Prefacio ix Pre
Page 11 and 12: Improving Transboundary Air Quality
Page 14 and 15: Prefacio “Si vale la pena tener u
Page 16: Prefacio pudiera ser difícil, cost
Page 22 and 23: I Introduction THE VIEW FROM EL PAS
Page 24 and 25: Introduction Resource Conservation
Page 26 and 27: Introduction approaches to correcti
Page 28 and 29: Introduction into the environment.
Page 30 and 31: Introduction maquiladoras, to hire
Page 32 and 33: Introduction (PM 10 and PM 2.5 )—
Page 34 and 35: Introduction installing scrubbers,
Page 36 and 37: Introduction The existence of emiss
Page 38 and 39: Introduction would require an initi
Page 40 and 41: Introduction EPE generated emission
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW Introduction This volume i
Page 44 and 45: II A Snapshot of the Border THE MEA
Page 48 and 49: A Snapshot of the Border Table 1. U
Page 50 and 51: A Snapshot of the Border Interestin
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Percentage Change in Borde
Page 54 and 55: A Snapshot of the Border Another so
Page 56 and 57: A Snapshot of the Border plants tha
Page 58 and 59: A Snapshot of the Border Air Qualit
Page 60 and 61: A Snapshot of the Border quality. T
Page 62 and 63: A Snapshot of the Border million in
Page 64: A Snapshot of the Border THE ENVIRO
Page 92 and 93: Appendix A Excerpts from the Border
Page 94 and 95: Environmental Regulation and the Bo
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Environmental Regulation and the Bo
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Improving Transboundary Air Quality
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Nearly 90% think Mexican environmen
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Appendix B Survey Instrument Encues
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Manquiladora Attitudes 13) ¿Tu com
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Manquiladora Attitudes 22)¿Habías
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V Designing a Transborder Trading S
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Designing a Transborder Trading Sch
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abatement activities, 4, 6-7, 16, 1
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automobile and truck, 47 banking, 2
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nitrogen oxide (NO x), 9-10, 16-18,
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