2008 edition - Fort Sam Houston - U.S. Army
2008 edition - Fort Sam Houston - U.S. Army 2008 edition - Fort Sam Houston - U.S. Army
Pun. Art. 78 APPENDIX 23 on Article 78; United States v. Michaels, 3 M.J. 846 (A.C.M.R. 1977); United States v. Blevins, 34 C.M.R. 967 (A.F.B.R. 1964). (4) Status of principal. This subparagraph is based on Article 78 and United States v. Michaels, 3 M.J. 846 (A.C.M.R. 1977); United States v. Blevins, 34 C.M.R. 967 (A.F.B.R. 1964). (5) Conviction or acquittal of principal. The subparagraph is based on paragraph 157 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Marsh, 13 U.S.C.M.A. 252, 32 C.M.R. 252 (1962); andUnited States v. Humble, 11 U.S.C.M.A. 38, 28 C.M.R. 262 (1959). See also United States v. McConnico, 7 M.J. 302 (C.M.A. 1979). (6) Accessory after the fact not a lesser included offense. This s u b p a r a g r a p h i s b a s e d o n U n i t e d S t a t e s v . M c F a r l a n d , 8 U.S.C.M.A. 42, 23 C.M.R. 266 (1957). ( 7 ) A c t u a l K n o w l e d g e . T h i s p a r a g r a p h i s b a s e d o n U n i t e d States v. Marsh, supra. See United States v. Foushee, 13 M.J. 833 (A.C.M.R. 1982). MCM, 1984, APPENDIX 21, Part IV, ARTI- CLE 79 3. Article 79—Lesser included offenses b. Explanation. (1) In general. This subparagraph and the three subparagraphs are based on paragraph 158 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See also United States v. Thacker, 16 U.S.C.M.A. 408, 37 C.M.R. 28 (1966). ( 2 ) M u l t i p l e l e s s e r i n c l u d e d o f f e n s e s . T h i s s u b p a r a g r a p h i s based on paragraph 158 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See also United States v. Calhoun, 5 U.S.C.M.A. 428, 18 C.M.R. 52 (1955). (3) Findings of guilty to a lesser included offense. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 158 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). 4. Article 80—Attempts c. Explanation. (1) In general. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 159 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). (2) More than preparation. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 159 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Johnson, 7 U.S.C.M.A. 488, 22 C.M.R. 278 (1957); United States v. Choat, 7 U.S.C.M.A. 187, 21 C.M.R. 313 (1956); United States v. Goff, 5 M.J. 817 (A.C.M.R. 1978); United States v. Emerson, 16 C.M.R. 690 (A.F.B.R. 1954). (3) Factual impossibility. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 159 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Thomas, 13 U.S.C.M.A. 278, 32 C.M.R. 278 (1962). See United States v. Quijada, 588 F.2d 1253 (9th Cir. 1978). (4) Voluntary abandonment. 1995 Amendment: Subparagraph (4) is new. It recognizes voluntary abandonment as an affirmative defense as established by the case law. See United States v. Byrd, 24 M.J. 286 (C.M.A. 1987). See also United States v. Schoof, 37 M.J. 96, 103-04 ( C . M . A . 1 9 9 3 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . R i o s , 3 3 M . J . 4 3 6 , 4 4 0 - 4 1 (C.M.A. 1991); United States v. Miller, 30 M.J. 999 (N.M.C.M.R. 1 9 9 0 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . W a l t h e r , 3 0 M . J . 8 2 9 , 8 2 9 - 3 3 (N.M.C.M.R. 1990). The prior subparagraphs (4) - (6) have been redesignated (5) - (7), respectively. (5) Solicitation. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 159 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). A23-2 (6) Attempts not under Article 80. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 159 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). 1986 Amendment: In 4 c(5), subparagraph (e) was redesignated as subparagraph (f), and a new subparagraph (e) was added to reflect the offense of attempted espionage as established by the Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1986, Pub.L. No. 99- 145, § 534, 99 Stat. 583, 634-35 (1985) (art. 106a). (7) Regulations. This subparagraph is new and is based on United States v. Davis, 16 M.J. 225 (C.M.A. 1983); United States v. Foster, 14 M.J. 246 (C.M.A. 1983). e. Maximum punishment 1991 Amendment: This paragraph was revised to allow for the imposition of confinement in excess of 20 years for the offense of attempted murder. There are cases in which the aggravating factors surrounding commission of an attempted murder are so egregious that a 20 year limitation may be inappropriate. Although life imprisonment may be imposed by the sentencing authority, mandatory minimum punishment provisions do not apply in the case of convictions under Article 80. 5. Article 81—Conspiracy c. Explanation. (1) Co-conspirators. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Kinder, 14 C.M.R. 742 (A.F.B.R. 1953). The portion of paragraph 160 which provided that acquittal of all alleged co-conspirators precludes conviction of the accused has been deleted. See United States v. Garcia 16 M.J. 52 (C.M.A. 1983). See also United States v. Standefer, 447 U.S. 10 (1980). (2) Agreement. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). (3) Object of the agreement. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Kidd, 13 U.S.C.M.A. 184, 32 C.M.R. 184 (1962). The last three sentences reflect “Wharton’s Rule,” 4 C. Torcia, Wharton’s Criminal Law, § 731 (1981). See Iannelli v. United States, 420 U.S. 770 (1975); United States v. Yarborough, 1 U.S.C.M.A. 678, 5 C.M.R. 106 (1952); United States v. Osthoff, 8 M.J. 629 (A.C.M.R. 1979); United States v. McClelland, 49 C.M.R. 557 (A.C.M.R. 1974). (4) Overt act. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Rhodes, 11 U.S.C.M.A. 7 3 5 , 2 9 C . M . R . 5 5 1 ( 1 9 6 0 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . S a l i s b u r y , 1 4 U.S.C.M.A. 171, 33 C.M.R. 383 (1963); United States v. Woodley, 13 M.J. 984 (A.C.M.R. 1982). (5) Liability for offenses. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946); United States v. Salisbury, 14 U.S.C.M.A. 171, 33 C.M.R. 383 (1963); United States v. Woodley, 13 M.J. 984 (A.C.M.R. 1982). (6) Withdrawal. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Miasel, 8 U.S.C.M.A. 374, 24 C.M.R.184 (1957). (7) Factual impossibility. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). (8) Conspiracy as a separate offense. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See also United States v. Washington, 1 M.J. 473 (C.M.A. 1976).
(9) Special conspiracies under Article 134. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Chapman, 10 C.M.R. 306 (A.B.R. 1953). 6. Article 82—Solicitation b. Elements. Solicitation under Article 82 has long been recognized as a specific intent offense. See paragraph 161 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); paragraph 161 of MCM, 1951. See generally United States v. Mitchell, 15 M.J. 214 (C.M.A. 1983); United States v. Benton, 7 M.J. 606 (N.C.M.R. 1979). It has been added as an element for clarity. c. Explanation. This paragraph is taken from paragraph 161 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.), United States v. Wysong, 9 U.S.C.M.A. 248, 26 C.M.R. 29 (1958); United States v. Gentry, 8 U.S.C.M.A. 14, 23 C.M.R. 238 (1957); United States v. Benton, 7 M.J. 606 (N.C.M.R. 1979). 7. Article 83—Fraudulent enlistment, appointment, or separation c. Explanation. This paragraph is based on paragraph 162 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Danley, 21 U.S.C.M.A. 486, 4 5 C . M . R . 2 6 0 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . S e e W i c k h a m v . H a l l , 1 2 M . J . 1 4 5 (C.M.A. 1981). e. Maximum Punishment. The reference to membership in, association with, or activities in connection with organizations, associa t i o n s , e t c . , f o u n d i n t h e T a b l e o f M a x i m u m P u n i s h m e n t s , paragraph 127 c of MCM, 1969 (Rev.), for Article 83, was deleted as unnecessary. The maximum punishment for all fraudulent enlistment cases was then standardized. 8. Article 84—Effecting unlawful enlistment, appointment, or separation c. Explanation. This paragraph is taken from paragraph 163 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See also United States v. Hightower, 5 M.J. 717 (A.C.M.R. 1978). e. Maximum punishment. The reference to membership in, with, or activities in connection with organizations, associations, etc., found in the Table of Maximum Punishments, paragraph 127c of MCM, 1969 (Rev.), or Article 84, was deleted as unnecessary. The maximum punishment for all cases was then standardized. 9. Article 85—Desertion c. Explanation. (1) Desertion with intent to remain away permanently. (a) In general. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 164a of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). (b) Absence without authority-inception, duration, termination. See the Analysis, paragraph 10. (c) Intent to remain away permanently. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 164a of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). The last sentence is based on United States v. Cothern, 8 U.S.C.M.A. 158, 23 C.M.R. 382 (1957). (d) Effect of enlistment or appointment in the same or a different armed force. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 164 a of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Huff, 7 U.S.C.M.A. 247, 22 C.M.R. 37 (1956). ANALYSIS OF PUNITIVE ARTICLES Pun. Art. 86 (2) Quitting unit, organization, or place of duty with intent to avoid hazardous duty or to shirk important service. (a) Hazardous duty or important service. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 164 a of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See also United States v. Smith, 18 U.S.C.M.A. 46, 39 C.M.R. 46 (1968); U n i t e d S t a t e s v . D e l l e r , 3 U . S . C . M . A . 4 0 9 , 1 2 C . M . R . 1 6 5 (1953). (b) Quits. This subparagraph is based on United States v. Bondar , 2 U.S.C.M.A. 357, 8 C.M.R. 157 (1953). (c) Actual Knowledge. This subparagraph is based on United States v. Stabler, 4 U.S.C.M.A. 125, 15 C.M.R. 125 (1954) and rejects the view of paragraph 164 a of MCM, 1969 (Rev.) that constructive knowledge would suffice. To avoid confusion, the “constructive knowledge” language has been replaced with the statement that actual knowledge may be proved by circumstantial evidence. See United States v. Curtin, 9 U.S.C.M.A. 427, 26 C.M.R. 207 (1958). (3) Attempting to desert. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 164 b of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). ( 4 ) P r i s o n e r w i t h e x e c u t e d p u n i t i v e d i s c h a r g e . T h i s s u b - paragraph is taken from paragraphs 164 a and 165 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). e. Maximum punishment. As indicated in the Analysis, paragraph 4, attempts, the punishment for attempted desertion was made uniform. As a result, attempted desertion- “other cases of”- now conforms with the punishment for “desertion- other cases of.” This amounts to an increase in the maximum punishment from confinement for one year to either two or three years, depending on the nature of termination. 10. Article 86—Absence without leave c. Explanation. (1) In general. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 165 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). (2) Actual knowledge. This subparagraph clarifies that the accused must have in fact known of the time and place of duty to be guilty of a violation of Article 86(1) or (2). Cf. United States v. Chandler, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 193, 48 C.M.R. 945 (1974); United States v. Stabler, 4 U.S.C.M.A. 125, 15 C.M.R. 125 (1954). See also United States v. Gilbert, 23 C.M.R. 914 (A.F.B.R. 1957). The language in paragraph 165 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.) dealing with constructive knowledge has been eliminated. To avoid confusion, this language has been replaced with the statement that actual knowledge may be proved by circumstantial evidence. See U n i t e d S t a t e s v . C u r t i n , 9 U . S . C . M . A . 4 2 7 , 2 6 C . M . R . 2 0 7 (1958). (3) Intent. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 165 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). ( 4 ) A g g r a v a t e d f o r m s o f u n a u t h o r i z e d a b s e n c e . T h i s s u b - paragraph is based on paragraphs 127 c and 165 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). (5) Civil authorities. This subparagraph is taken from parag r a p h 1 6 5 f M C M , 1 9 6 9 ( R e v . ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . M y h r e , 9 U.S.C.M.A. 32, 25 C.M.R. 294 (1958); United States v. Grover, 10 U.S.C.M.A. 91, 27 C.M.R. 165 (1958). See also United States v. Dubry, 12 M.J. 36 (C.M.A. 1981). A23-3
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Pun. Art. 78 APPENDIX 23<br />
on Article 78; United States v. Michaels, 3 M.J. 846 (A.C.M.R.<br />
1977); United States v. Blevins, 34 C.M.R. 967 (A.F.B.R. 1964).<br />
(4) Status of principal. This subparagraph is based on Article<br />
78 and United States v. Michaels, 3 M.J. 846 (A.C.M.R. 1977);<br />
United States v. Blevins, 34 C.M.R. 967 (A.F.B.R. 1964).<br />
(5) Conviction or acquittal of principal. The subparagraph is<br />
based on paragraph 157 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v.<br />
Marsh, 13 U.S.C.M.A. 252, 32 C.M.R. 252 (1962); andUnited<br />
States v. Humble, 11 U.S.C.M.A. 38, 28 C.M.R. 262 (1959). See<br />
also United States v. McConnico, 7 M.J. 302 (C.M.A. 1979).<br />
(6) Accessory after the fact not a lesser included offense. This<br />
s u b p a r a g r a p h i s b a s e d o n U n i t e d S t a t e s v . M c F a r l a n d , 8<br />
U.S.C.M.A. 42, 23 C.M.R. 266 (1957).<br />
( 7 ) A c t u a l K n o w l e d g e . T h i s p a r a g r a p h i s b a s e d o n U n i t e d<br />
States v. Marsh, supra. See United States v. Foushee, 13 M.J. 833<br />
(A.C.M.R. 1982). MCM, 1984, APPENDIX 21, Part IV, ARTI-<br />
CLE 79<br />
3. Article 79—Lesser included offenses<br />
b. Explanation.<br />
(1) In general. This subparagraph and the three subparagraphs<br />
are based on paragraph 158 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See also<br />
United States v. Thacker, 16 U.S.C.M.A. 408, 37 C.M.R. 28<br />
(1966).<br />
( 2 ) M u l t i p l e l e s s e r i n c l u d e d o f f e n s e s . T h i s s u b p a r a g r a p h i s<br />
based on paragraph 158 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See also United<br />
States v. Calhoun, 5 U.S.C.M.A. 428, 18 C.M.R. 52 (1955).<br />
(3) Findings of guilty to a lesser included offense. This subparagraph<br />
is taken from paragraph 158 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.).<br />
4. Article 80—Attempts<br />
c. Explanation.<br />
(1) In general. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 159 of<br />
MCM, 1969 (Rev.).<br />
(2) More than preparation. This subparagraph is based on paragraph<br />
159 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Johnson, 7<br />
U.S.C.M.A. 488, 22 C.M.R. 278 (1957); United States v. Choat, 7<br />
U.S.C.M.A. 187, 21 C.M.R. 313 (1956); United States v. Goff, 5<br />
M.J. 817 (A.C.M.R. 1978); United States v. Emerson, 16 C.M.R.<br />
690 (A.F.B.R. 1954).<br />
(3) Factual impossibility. This subparagraph is based on paragraph<br />
159 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Thomas, 13<br />
U.S.C.M.A. 278, 32 C.M.R. 278 (1962). See United States v.<br />
Quijada, 588 F.2d 1253 (9th Cir. 1978).<br />
(4) Voluntary abandonment.<br />
1995 Amendment: Subparagraph (4) is new. It recognizes voluntary<br />
abandonment as an affirmative defense as established by<br />
the case law. See United States v. Byrd, 24 M.J. 286 (C.M.A.<br />
1987). See also United States v. Schoof, 37 M.J. 96, 103-04<br />
( C . M . A . 1 9 9 3 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . R i o s , 3 3 M . J . 4 3 6 , 4 4 0 - 4 1<br />
(C.M.A. 1991); United States v. Miller, 30 M.J. 999 (N.M.C.M.R.<br />
1 9 9 0 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . W a l t h e r , 3 0 M . J . 8 2 9 , 8 2 9 - 3 3<br />
(N.M.C.M.R. 1990). The prior subparagraphs (4) - (6) have been<br />
redesignated (5) - (7), respectively.<br />
(5) Solicitation. This subparagraph is based on paragraph 159<br />
of MCM, 1969 (Rev.).<br />
A23-2<br />
(6) Attempts not under Article 80. This subparagraph is based<br />
on paragraph 159 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.).<br />
1986 Amendment: In 4 c(5), subparagraph (e) was redesignated<br />
as subparagraph (f), and a new subparagraph (e) was added<br />
to reflect the offense of attempted espionage as established by the<br />
Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1986, Pub.L. No. 99-<br />
145, § 534, 99 Stat. 583, 634-35 (1985) (art. 106a).<br />
(7) Regulations. This subparagraph is new and is based on<br />
United States v. Davis, 16 M.J. 225 (C.M.A. 1983); United States<br />
v. Foster, 14 M.J. 246 (C.M.A. 1983).<br />
e. Maximum punishment<br />
1991 Amendment: This paragraph was revised to allow for the<br />
imposition of confinement in excess of 20 years for the offense of<br />
attempted murder. There are cases in which the aggravating factors<br />
surrounding commission of an attempted murder are so egregious<br />
that a 20 year limitation may be inappropriate. Although<br />
life imprisonment may be imposed by the sentencing authority,<br />
mandatory minimum punishment provisions do not apply in the<br />
case of convictions under Article 80.<br />
5. Article 81—Conspiracy<br />
c. Explanation.<br />
(1) Co-conspirators. This subparagraph is based on paragraph<br />
160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Kinder, 14 C.M.R.<br />
742 (A.F.B.R. 1953). The portion of paragraph 160 which provided<br />
that acquittal of all alleged co-conspirators precludes conviction<br />
of the accused has been deleted. See United States v.<br />
Garcia 16 M.J. 52 (C.M.A. 1983). See also United States v.<br />
Standefer, 447 U.S. 10 (1980).<br />
(2) Agreement. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160<br />
of MCM, 1969 (Rev.).<br />
(3) Object of the agreement. This subparagraph is taken from<br />
paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Kidd, 13<br />
U.S.C.M.A. 184, 32 C.M.R. 184 (1962). The last three sentences<br />
reflect “Wharton’s Rule,” 4 C. Torcia, Wharton’s Criminal Law,<br />
§ 731 (1981). See Iannelli v. United States, 420 U.S. 770 (1975);<br />
United States v. Yarborough, 1 U.S.C.M.A. 678, 5 C.M.R. 106<br />
(1952); United States v. Osthoff, 8 M.J. 629 (A.C.M.R. 1979);<br />
United States v. McClelland, 49 C.M.R. 557 (A.C.M.R. 1974).<br />
(4) Overt act. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph 160<br />
of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Rhodes, 11 U.S.C.M.A.<br />
7 3 5 , 2 9 C . M . R . 5 5 1 ( 1 9 6 0 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . S a l i s b u r y , 1 4<br />
U.S.C.M.A. 171, 33 C.M.R. 383 (1963); United States v. Woodley,<br />
13 M.J. 984 (A.C.M.R. 1982).<br />
(5) Liability for offenses. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph<br />
160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See Pinkerton v. United States,<br />
328 U.S. 640 (1946); United States v. Salisbury, 14 U.S.C.M.A.<br />
171, 33 C.M.R. 383 (1963); United States v. Woodley, 13 M.J.<br />
984 (A.C.M.R. 1982).<br />
(6) Withdrawal. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph<br />
160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.); United States v. Miasel, 8 U.S.C.M.A.<br />
374, 24 C.M.R.184 (1957).<br />
(7) Factual impossibility. This subparagraph is taken from paragraph<br />
160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.).<br />
(8) Conspiracy as a separate offense. This subparagraph is<br />
taken from paragraph 160 of MCM, 1969 (Rev.). See also United<br />
States v. Washington, 1 M.J. 473 (C.M.A. 1976).