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2.5 1.5 0.5 0 3 T (i) % Silt/clay% Organics 2.5 — 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 Distance along transect (m) Distance along transect (m) 1.5 0.5 (iv) Sorting coefficient 0.1 — 2 I I I I I I 1 I I I 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 Distance along transect (m) Distance along transect (m) Figures 2.4(i-iv) : Sediment results from transect survey. Values of (i) % silt/clay, (ii) % organics, (iii) Md phi and (iv) Inclusive Graphic Standard Deviation (I.G.S.D.) sorting coefficient are given for each distance along transect (in metres) for all 4 transects. 30 cd 1 — 0.9 — 0.4 — 0.3 — 0.2 — •
Pattern Analysis - Grid Surveys A total of 31, 31 and 33 taxa were collected from the lm, 8m and 40m surveys respectively. A full species list, together with abundances per plot for each survey, are given in Appendices 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 for the lm, 8m and 40m surveys respectively. Species are listed in the Appendices in the order according to Howson and Picton (1997). From these 3 surveys, 9, 10 and 11 taxa respectively were considered sufficiently abundant for pattern analysis, i.e., a mean abundance of at least 2 individuals per core. Since these surveys were carried out during the summer, the abundances of the majority of the species were greater than found from the transect survey. Tables 2.2-2.4 show the dispersion indices; v:m, Id and Ip, for each of these taxa from each grid survey with the distributions they imply. There was a very good agreement between the 3 indices used. Therefore, one can be confident that the distributions inferred from these indices are correct. The results from the lm survey suggest that at this scale, 7 of the 9 species showed an aggregated distribution. These were P. elegans, A. marina, L. conchilega, E. cf flava, M. balthica, B. sarsi and G. duebeni. The distributions of N. hombergii and C. edule were not significantly different from random. Of the 10 species sufficiently abundant for analysis from the 8m survey, 8 were aggregated, i.e., P. elegans, S. martinensis, L. conchilega, C. capitata, E. cf flava, M. balthica, G. duebeni, and C. edule. N. hombergii and A. marina were found to be randomly distributed. All 11 species analysed from the 40m survey were found to have significantly aggregated distributions. Pygospio elegans had by far the greatest v:m ratio in each of the grid surveys, i.e., 31.69, 68.46 and 64.58 for the lm, 8m and 40m surveys respectively. This suggests that this species showed a high spatial variability even at relatively small scales (1m survey), forming patches within which their densities were far greater than those in surrounding non-patch areas. 31
Page 1 and 2: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROCESSES
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT The spionid polychaete Pyg
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to m
Page 7 and 8: Results. . 65 Size distribution of
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION . . 2
Page 11 and 12: Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 6.1 Fi
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Statistica
Page 15 and 16: BACKGROUND CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A
Page 17 and 18: The scales of observation, or the s
Page 19 and 20: systematic sampling design to inves
Page 21 and 22: aised sediment within an otherwise
Page 23 and 24: Fauchald and Jumars (1979) describe
Page 25: Dalmeny House and sewage discharged
Page 28 and 29: E 7— E 6-ac. MHWS MHWN t co 4 —
Page 30 and 31: variance (TTLQV) techniques (see Lu
Page 32 and 33: analysis using Moran's and Geary's
Page 34 and 35: Holme and McIntyre (1984). Percenta
Page 36 and 37: Pattern Analysis - Grid Surveys Sur
Page 38 and 39: 57 64 1=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0
Page 40 and 41: Maps produced by kriging and other
Page 42 and 43: 200 180 1160 140 100 1-3 80 g 60 c.
Page 46 and 47: v : m pattern Id pattern Ip pattern
Page 48 and 49: " v : m pattern Id pattern Ip patte
Page 50 and 51: The results show that at the smalle
Page 52 and 53: Nephtys hombergii's spatial distrib
Page 54 and 55: (vii) G. duebeni (ix) % Organic con
Page 56 and 57: 8m survey - spatial patterns Figure
Page 58 and 59: (1) P. elegans (iii) L. conchilega
Page 60 and 61: a) Ts 1.4 0.6 u 0.2 -0.2 1.4 'E5 0.
Page 62 and 63: 200m 150m 100m 50m (ix) C. edule 56
Page 64 and 65: 73 ‘a• el 1.4 (ix) G. duebeni 1
Page 66 and 67: DISCUSSION The main aims of this st
Page 68 and 69: formed patches less than 1m2 and th
Page 70 and 71: stutchbutyi, at Wirroa island, New
Page 72 and 73: exhibited by the tube-building poly
Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER 3 THE POPULATION STRUCTURE
Page 76 and 77: Asexual reproduction by fragmentati
Page 78 and 79: METHODS Survey design - It has been
Page 80 and 81: RESULTS The species abundances in e
Page 82 and 83: corresponds to 44 setigers using Eq
Page 84 and 85: 1 0000000 00 rg 0 00 d- - Xauanbau
Page 86 and 87: Reproductive activity of Pygospio e
Page 88 and 89: P. elegans larvae at Drum Sands hav
Page 90 and 91: Pygospio elegans showed great seaso
Page 92 and 93: Previous studies have produced simi
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The sole reliance on a planktonic m
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abundance are highly seasonal, were
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER 4 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
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studies may have been completely di
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METHODS Study site - The exact posi
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1 C N W 4----111" 1.5m 2 NW C Contr
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sediment sampling, together with re
Page 108 and 109:
RESULTS Species abundances - The me
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; 15 35 — 30 — 25 — 10 — 5
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statistical difference from net plo
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Pygospio elegans size distribution
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used, approximately equivalent to t
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artefacts associated with the metho
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present in high numbers around sewa
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lack, hydrogen sulphide-smelling se
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CHAPTER 5 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
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METHODS Survey design - During late
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The sediments could not be sampled
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RESULTS Species abundances - Table
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90 — 80 — "-e-' 70 — 60 — 4
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35 — *** 30 25 — 1.) = .-c‘l
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Pygospio elegans size distributions
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which is difficult to compare with
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eason why some invertebrates showed
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This study did not set out to expli
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This reliance upon the early establ
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CHAPTER 6 INITIAL COLONISATION OF D
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esulting community at any stage of
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ambient sediment had been removed.
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emoved since they were the only tax
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All statistics were performed using
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RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
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3.5 3 5 2 11 5 1 0.5 0 40 35 Ca 30
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of non-patch areas (Figure 6.3(vi))
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the individuals colonising patch az
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Multivariate analysis of community
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Month Sample statistic (Global R) N
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2NP 3NP 4NP .•,, 6NP 5NP 6P 1NP i
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Figure 6.8: Two-dimensional MDS ord
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- - 5P ... 4P . 6P • .‘2NP 1NP
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I 50. 1 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. BRAY-C
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'P2-AZ P3-AZ N2-AZ .- - - " .„ ..
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o • o -o + 350 — 300 = 250 7 g
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The importance of the ambient commu
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In April, when P. elegans larval av
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not only for errant polychaetes, bu
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observed in this study. How crucial
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Micro-scale spatial patterns of mac
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METHODS Experimental design - A pre
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study. These individuals would not
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RESULTS Pilot survey - The pilot su
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Transect survey - Micro-scale patte
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Month v:m ratio pattern Id pattern
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(i) March 1997, replicate 1 -iAlmiA
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(xix) October 1997, replicate 1 (ra
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The new recruits were only sufficie
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The results of correlation analyses
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cf.) . crt N ,—, Cr) C,1 ,—, Cr
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1.2 -0.4 "a 0.8 > (i) % Water conte
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examine the micro-scale spatial pat
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Invertebrate larvae, those of polyc
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laboratory observations are needed
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CHAPTER 8 THE FAUNAL COMMUNITIES OF
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Other theories have been postulated
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RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
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-T. g 80 g 50 40 30 20 10 (i) Adult
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in significant differences in size
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8.2). This was mainly because of th
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120 100 80 60 - 40 20 0. cn1 c.n (i
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3NP 6NP 4NP 1 NP 5NP 2NP : 3P 1P 6P
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4P 3P 5P 5NP 6P 2P 1P Figure 8.8: T
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Figure 8.10 shows the dendrogram pr
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NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2 NP1 NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2
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Sediment water, organic and silt/cl
Page 242 and 243:
5 350 — 300 250 200 — ISO — 1
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abundances of P. ciliata had more d
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levels of silt/clay and organics. S
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1973; Noji and Noji, 1991). Competi
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shown to consume up to 68% of a 0-g
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In Chapter 7 the micro-scale spatia
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and positions of patches. Consequen
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epresent those found establishing i
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distribution at the micro-scale. Ad
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provide a rich food source for deme
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Armonies W., 1988. Active emergence
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Cha M.W., in prep. Macroalgal mats
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Dobbs F.C. and Vozarik J.M., 1983.
Page 268 and 269:
Flach E.C., 1996. The influence of
Page 270 and 271:
Hall SI, Raffaeni D.G., Basford DJ.
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Keckler D., 1997. Surfer for Window
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Levin L.A. and Creed E.L., 1986. Ef
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Mileikovsky S.A., 1971. Types of la
Page 278 and 279:
Ong B. and Krishnan S., 1995. Chang
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Raffaelli D.G., Hildrew A.G. and Gi
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Scheltema R.S., 1974. Biological in
Page 284 and 285:
Soulsby P.G., Lowthion D., Houston
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McArdle B.H., Morrisey D., Schneide
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Wharfe J.R., 1977. An ecological su
Page 290 and 291:
Zajac R.N. and Whitlatch R.B., 1982
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- C'e) oc0000mooF,o•-ooNtn-coo-00
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APPENDIX 1.2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FR
Page 296 and 297:
ON In co In ° ken n00000N---0g0N-.
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o m000eno,-0-. 0 0000en ,-. 0.-00 o
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APPENDIX 2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FROM
Page 302 and 303:
0.- CV N - , .- CI E.104 ..r cv g.,
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cv en 0 a .- ,- .- .- g c', ,- ,- g
Page 306 and 307:
PI — — — Pi n — — - R., .
Page 308 and 309:
P . en .2 Co in ,.. ne .- cq . -- -
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