P . en .2 Co in ,.. ne .- cq . -- - ;i . .. 0 .- ;32 ... CO .- to .- e7, . Co 8. . .- 22 .. - - -- 2 2 Co ,- Co in RI CO Co co .- Fe . •- ,- Co 00.1. MIO V 0 al'' 0 Co 2. CO - Co.-.-' p,..- 0 ,- Co_ .- 0 ... 01 0. .- .. ..- 0 CO ,, Co Co V 'C. Z1 IS Co Co gd' ..2 eta ,- 2. cu a DJ .- en g CO CO .- u, 2 — Co Kr..- Co- n-. .- - r, to D.! .- Co its •- — .- .- a ?s, :: n Co , CI1 2 . ., 2 Co ..- Co I- SI 0 Co Co •- Co • 2 CO ED Co Co I.. Cax . .- Cl .- 212- Co Co -, In Co,- RI a te, .- Co .- c' 7, V ., • - • - .- .- .- .- .1. ,7, n to V • N Fn1 V ..' .3. CY 22 V ,- .- .- en a .- R .,s. .,..- - 0 N CO ,,,, n .- eu a co 0. en 0 Cd .1 L. ,_ to go '- '.' co ._ V, ._ .- .- .- n• N N n-• V V .- Is 0 .- •n .- ',I. 03 .- 0 v- .. w .- n , co .- to .- cu Lo to .- .- o' ,_ o .- 2 co o, Co 2 10 ED Co Co 10 1-. CV ... Co 0 co o ,- o .- CI ,_ ,_ ._ .. 0, NI ... a •-• .- en 01 7. 0 en .- .- ;2 co es, .- 72 . cu .- CV N 01 V ., 01 " " " 01 . 0 CI 01 ,- 0,_ In .- .- a. .- := .2 Lel .- :2 '. ^ .- :: o .- In 1- 10 CI .- 7. , .... CI •n ve ZI ten N 01 0 ,_ to o .- .- to a3 ,,, Li, to 03 Is CO CO V Co .- .- ,, .- Co CO 10 I.. 0 Co CO F. .- to a, .- CO CO 4+ CO •n• ... CI N 03 no CSI n ;2. en .- cv n N 0.1 tO CO 23 Co .- Co Co en co Co ... .- .- on CO ... ,_ In .- ul 10 ..- 0 ..- .- .- 0 ..: In 01 0 Z; CI . •-• v- V Is CD •- •- N 0 . n 01 OJ 40 CI CO v. 01 01 CI Is .- ,- 0.1 V N In 01 N 10 N Co so Co v., .- Co. - .- Co F. •'. 0 •- v.- .- 40 Co Co 1.0 Is Co Co .„ 03 Co .- ..- , CO Co ••• 0 Co Co 0 t; it2 W ii, s et . 7,—, z.; ' 8111i:ill:I/II e.-W . g. t-§ E 211F, 2., t- 2 3Ex cq Z„ -= - t . g ".. =3‘,..28.:4 1? 2 if ,`A.2 12,,14-t-R,..9 14 .li g.2.1521' r. -g 4, ... 75 CI. 0, (35. em. `'zz°"'u'v)a). 8c3 = x g,,,, 4 1 If alrliii g 8 2.22 ta `J)- 2,,TE g -2. a 2 t,t ta sgta?Ogitgt-t-RgLgrItiu E^2g;a' N ' -.EF.,.8-.L.J.t—A . ; E - . 2--,-...e?2,2,20g.0 °'--=.' 2 E 12.22aNt 12-6 .>8i. -8 . 1, k x , TOD-I.C3.03,2,E.,(308,si g I E,-Fe2 t E11 .2 e...,zga1 , 12 a- 292 igIE Co .- Co g -,7, na2 L3,210 aa'n., rs 1 .2 „.-,,, .4 , ...% g i .g g ti] lii:20ii gto l '..2. w g s E vl -ER 2.. a 8 v. 2 FE`4 2 --t.ENt28.48E.. Q" 1" . 2 . -S2T.2.-gE;a-oio, Z '8 N ,T, k 1 i Lu 4 0 i ge. (*Et' .aoggi t
2. I r , , 2 I • WAN NW 1' ' MEN 0.4 a w n V ,N Flg V , F,VN ,01 2 -N - r-- m svm IOW I n 0 n 8 ::•• ••-•.- A se- -.., . . . - g,tm M N RN, ,M,, V , g. W n n ,,N ..- 1 I-. I : — .1 - 2.. —.— . -- _ .— .0_ ,w e — - W " c':iM'' a 7. '4.1,01 • e - NN , N "' ,, 0 , C. RW, 10 N , N K2 CC N n n,... -.- N 0c.,,ON M 0 V M 0, L. I n ZtV — M, ,N g2M 0 A , K.' N , gl.,:m mm n .- R= Na . .- sj. I 'I N^ I N , MWN NV, , N , MV, 0 Km.- I n, ;;Lil... M n M r,,eN ,M , ‘90) i a I , . n RAN NV N .- cT.O. .-. .- — :=1 ?2AN ' 1 , , N TVM ,M N :2:M.'. '.9. , , N 2. n Ni , N V204 MN 21:7N ..^^ , N , M ,t02, N , N , :1.0 , t:IN NW W n M , W 0 , NO.. M ,,, .".N ,M , N .2 r. N N... 0 N ..4'VM NV .6 n 2.01 C-NO N , , .Inm ,.-m.- m .- 1.0N ,V2 , m ta a a a ., on .- N, , w n N to lr n V=. MN i I .7. 2,.. N , , 2MM NW n 4.... 21'..e, ..... .. es ... NWN N , 0 , .7 7. wO , MN =N, ,,, .'2 ' ,0„ , , , 0 M I T eMM NO ,, 5:, ,W .0. -0 - . N 0 V M , M , , A WMV ,0 , N 04 , i Ww n n ., n WWN 0 Of W"M , N NM is m, .-v 0 0 .- n0.- .- v. .. .2. N 2 ^ 00N V i I N. e2. ,r . -- I T AWN , ,,N F T , 7 0 , N 0= NN , , to MN.- n W 0.9N NW to n in to N n m. M II 7 vwm M A , VV, M 1--r . --1 0 N n NW, NV N NM, ,N W M2. am • N NV, 0, ,, NA, 4 a a 2... .- NI....- m w w N n WN M. n V n WN N ;.- n ,LON NM , , 114' 1 IIIT 01111p111111111$ Tais i gl. i d 11131. lill Oigig;t1-t Ii i 1 P111114111/ lir 0 . TOP! 11 i tt g x 293 51 iiiiilli oi a ll .1 t-% 1 8 1 "I i 2.11- 3-11,,21 • Rillialit l'111114111/14 1 i k , .Nt ..- ill a, i'
- Page 1 and 2:
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROCESSES
- Page 3 and 4:
ABSTRACT The spionid polychaete Pyg
- Page 5 and 6:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to m
- Page 7 and 8:
Results. . 65 Size distribution of
- Page 9 and 10:
CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION . . 2
- Page 11 and 12:
Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 6.1 Fi
- Page 13 and 14:
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Statistica
- Page 15 and 16:
BACKGROUND CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A
- Page 17 and 18:
The scales of observation, or the s
- Page 19 and 20:
systematic sampling design to inves
- Page 21 and 22:
aised sediment within an otherwise
- Page 23 and 24:
Fauchald and Jumars (1979) describe
- Page 25:
Dalmeny House and sewage discharged
- Page 28 and 29:
E 7— E 6-ac. MHWS MHWN t co 4 —
- Page 30 and 31:
variance (TTLQV) techniques (see Lu
- Page 32 and 33:
analysis using Moran's and Geary's
- Page 34 and 35:
Holme and McIntyre (1984). Percenta
- Page 36 and 37:
Pattern Analysis - Grid Surveys Sur
- Page 38 and 39:
57 64 1=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0
- Page 40 and 41:
Maps produced by kriging and other
- Page 42 and 43:
200 180 1160 140 100 1-3 80 g 60 c.
- Page 44 and 45:
2.5 1.5 0.5 0 3 T (i) % Silt/clay%
- Page 46 and 47:
v : m pattern Id pattern Ip pattern
- Page 48 and 49:
" v : m pattern Id pattern Ip patte
- Page 50 and 51:
The results show that at the smalle
- Page 52 and 53:
Nephtys hombergii's spatial distrib
- Page 54 and 55:
(vii) G. duebeni (ix) % Organic con
- Page 56 and 57:
8m survey - spatial patterns Figure
- Page 58 and 59:
(1) P. elegans (iii) L. conchilega
- Page 60 and 61:
a) Ts 1.4 0.6 u 0.2 -0.2 1.4 'E5 0.
- Page 62 and 63:
200m 150m 100m 50m (ix) C. edule 56
- Page 64 and 65:
73 ‘a• el 1.4 (ix) G. duebeni 1
- Page 66 and 67:
DISCUSSION The main aims of this st
- Page 68 and 69:
formed patches less than 1m2 and th
- Page 70 and 71:
stutchbutyi, at Wirroa island, New
- Page 72 and 73:
exhibited by the tube-building poly
- Page 74 and 75:
CHAPTER 3 THE POPULATION STRUCTURE
- Page 76 and 77:
Asexual reproduction by fragmentati
- Page 78 and 79:
METHODS Survey design - It has been
- Page 80 and 81:
RESULTS The species abundances in e
- Page 82 and 83:
corresponds to 44 setigers using Eq
- Page 84 and 85:
1 0000000 00 rg 0 00 d- - Xauanbau
- Page 86 and 87:
Reproductive activity of Pygospio e
- Page 88 and 89:
P. elegans larvae at Drum Sands hav
- Page 90 and 91:
Pygospio elegans showed great seaso
- Page 92 and 93:
Previous studies have produced simi
- Page 94 and 95:
The sole reliance on a planktonic m
- Page 96 and 97:
abundance are highly seasonal, were
- Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER 4 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
- Page 100 and 101:
studies may have been completely di
- Page 102 and 103:
METHODS Study site - The exact posi
- Page 104 and 105:
1 C N W 4----111" 1.5m 2 NW C Contr
- Page 106 and 107:
sediment sampling, together with re
- Page 108 and 109:
RESULTS Species abundances - The me
- Page 110 and 111:
; 15 35 — 30 — 25 — 10 — 5
- Page 112 and 113:
statistical difference from net plo
- Page 114 and 115:
Pygospio elegans size distribution
- Page 116 and 117:
used, approximately equivalent to t
- Page 118 and 119:
artefacts associated with the metho
- Page 120 and 121:
present in high numbers around sewa
- Page 122 and 123:
lack, hydrogen sulphide-smelling se
- Page 124 and 125:
CHAPTER 5 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
- Page 126 and 127:
METHODS Survey design - During late
- Page 128 and 129:
The sediments could not be sampled
- Page 130 and 131:
RESULTS Species abundances - Table
- Page 132 and 133:
90 — 80 — "-e-' 70 — 60 — 4
- Page 134 and 135:
35 — *** 30 25 — 1.) = .-c‘l
- Page 136 and 137:
Pygospio elegans size distributions
- Page 138 and 139:
which is difficult to compare with
- Page 140 and 141:
eason why some invertebrates showed
- Page 142 and 143:
This study did not set out to expli
- Page 144 and 145:
This reliance upon the early establ
- Page 146 and 147:
CHAPTER 6 INITIAL COLONISATION OF D
- Page 148 and 149:
esulting community at any stage of
- Page 150 and 151:
ambient sediment had been removed.
- Page 152 and 153:
emoved since they were the only tax
- Page 154 and 155:
All statistics were performed using
- Page 156 and 157:
RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
- Page 158 and 159:
3.5 3 5 2 11 5 1 0.5 0 40 35 Ca 30
- Page 160 and 161:
of non-patch areas (Figure 6.3(vi))
- Page 162 and 163:
the individuals colonising patch az
- Page 164 and 165:
Multivariate analysis of community
- Page 166 and 167:
Month Sample statistic (Global R) N
- Page 168 and 169:
2NP 3NP 4NP .•,, 6NP 5NP 6P 1NP i
- Page 170 and 171:
Figure 6.8: Two-dimensional MDS ord
- Page 172 and 173:
- - 5P ... 4P . 6P • .‘2NP 1NP
- Page 174 and 175:
I 50. 1 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. BRAY-C
- Page 176 and 177:
'P2-AZ P3-AZ N2-AZ .- - - " .„ ..
- Page 178 and 179:
o • o -o + 350 — 300 = 250 7 g
- Page 180 and 181:
The importance of the ambient commu
- Page 182 and 183:
In April, when P. elegans larval av
- Page 184 and 185:
not only for errant polychaetes, bu
- Page 186 and 187:
observed in this study. How crucial
- Page 188 and 189:
Micro-scale spatial patterns of mac
- Page 190 and 191:
METHODS Experimental design - A pre
- Page 192 and 193:
study. These individuals would not
- Page 194 and 195:
RESULTS Pilot survey - The pilot su
- Page 196 and 197:
Transect survey - Micro-scale patte
- Page 198 and 199:
Month v:m ratio pattern Id pattern
- Page 200 and 201:
(i) March 1997, replicate 1 -iAlmiA
- Page 202 and 203:
(xix) October 1997, replicate 1 (ra
- Page 204 and 205:
The new recruits were only sufficie
- Page 206 and 207:
The results of correlation analyses
- Page 208 and 209:
cf.) . crt N ,—, Cr) C,1 ,—, Cr
- Page 210 and 211:
1.2 -0.4 "a 0.8 > (i) % Water conte
- Page 212 and 213:
examine the micro-scale spatial pat
- Page 214 and 215:
Invertebrate larvae, those of polyc
- Page 216 and 217:
laboratory observations are needed
- Page 218 and 219:
CHAPTER 8 THE FAUNAL COMMUNITIES OF
- Page 220 and 221:
Other theories have been postulated
- Page 222 and 223:
RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
- Page 224 and 225:
-T. g 80 g 50 40 30 20 10 (i) Adult
- Page 226 and 227:
in significant differences in size
- Page 228 and 229:
8.2). This was mainly because of th
- Page 230 and 231:
120 100 80 60 - 40 20 0. cn1 c.n (i
- Page 232 and 233:
3NP 6NP 4NP 1 NP 5NP 2NP : 3P 1P 6P
- Page 234 and 235:
4P 3P 5P 5NP 6P 2P 1P Figure 8.8: T
- Page 236 and 237:
Figure 8.10 shows the dendrogram pr
- Page 238 and 239:
NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2 NP1 NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2
- Page 240 and 241:
Sediment water, organic and silt/cl
- Page 242 and 243:
5 350 — 300 250 200 — ISO — 1
- Page 244 and 245:
abundances of P. ciliata had more d
- Page 246 and 247:
levels of silt/clay and organics. S
- Page 248 and 249:
1973; Noji and Noji, 1991). Competi
- Page 250 and 251:
shown to consume up to 68% of a 0-g
- Page 252 and 253:
In Chapter 7 the micro-scale spatia
- Page 254 and 255:
and positions of patches. Consequen
- Page 256 and 257:
epresent those found establishing i
- Page 258 and 259: distribution at the micro-scale. Ad
- Page 260 and 261: provide a rich food source for deme
- Page 262 and 263: Armonies W., 1988. Active emergence
- Page 264 and 265: Cha M.W., in prep. Macroalgal mats
- Page 266 and 267: Dobbs F.C. and Vozarik J.M., 1983.
- Page 268 and 269: Flach E.C., 1996. The influence of
- Page 270 and 271: Hall SI, Raffaeni D.G., Basford DJ.
- Page 272 and 273: Keckler D., 1997. Surfer for Window
- Page 274 and 275: Levin L.A. and Creed E.L., 1986. Ef
- Page 276 and 277: Mileikovsky S.A., 1971. Types of la
- Page 278 and 279: Ong B. and Krishnan S., 1995. Chang
- Page 280 and 281: Raffaelli D.G., Hildrew A.G. and Gi
- Page 282 and 283: Scheltema R.S., 1974. Biological in
- Page 284 and 285: Soulsby P.G., Lowthion D., Houston
- Page 286 and 287: McArdle B.H., Morrisey D., Schneide
- Page 288 and 289: Wharfe J.R., 1977. An ecological su
- Page 290 and 291: Zajac R.N. and Whitlatch R.B., 1982
- Page 292 and 293: - C'e) oc0000mooF,o•-ooNtn-coo-00
- Page 294 and 295: APPENDIX 1.2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FR
- Page 296 and 297: ON In co In ° ken n00000N---0g0N-.
- Page 298 and 299: o m000eno,-0-. 0 0000en ,-. 0.-00 o
- Page 300 and 301: APPENDIX 2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FROM
- Page 302 and 303: 0.- CV N - , .- CI E.104 ..r cv g.,
- Page 304 and 305: cv en 0 a .- ,- .- .- g c', ,- ,- g
- Page 306 and 307: PI — — — Pi n — — - R., .