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Wharfe J.R., 1977. An ecological survey of the benthic invertebrate macrofauna of the lower Medway Estuary, Kent. J. Anim. Ecol. 46:93-113. Whitlatch R.B. and Zajac R.N., 1985. Biotic interactions among estuarine infaunal opportunistic species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21:299-311. Wiens J.A., 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Functional Ecology 3:385-397. Wilson D.P., 1958. Some problems in larval ecology related to the localized distribution of bottom animals. In: Perspectives in marine biology (Buzzati-Traverso A.A., ed.). pp.87-103. Wilson W.H.Jr., 1983. The role of density dependence in a marine infaunal community. Ecology 64 (2):295-306. Wilson W.H.Jr., 1985. Food limitation of asexual reproduction in a spionid polychaete. Mt. J. Invert. Reprod. Dev. 8:61-65. Wilson W.H.Jr., 1992. Dispersal of adult infaunal organisms: lateral or vertical migration?. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Zool. Can. Soc. Zool. 32 (5):121. Wilson W.H.Jr., 1994. Dispersal of soft-bottom benthos: migration through the water column or through the sediment?. In: Dispersal of benthic infauna. Symposium of reproduction and development of marine invertebrates. (Wilson W.H., Stricker S.A. and Shinn G.L., eds.). pp.302-312. Wiltse W., Foreman K., Valiela I. and Teal J., 1981. Regulation of benthic invertebrates in salt marsh creeks. Estuaries 4:254. Woodin S.A., 1976. Adult-larval interactions in dense infaunal assemblages: patterns of abundance. J. Mar. Res. 34:25-41. 272
Woodin S.A., 1977. Algal 'gardening' behaviour by nereid polychaetes: effects on soft-bottom community structure. Mar. Biol. 44:39-42. Woodin S.A., 1978. Refuges, disturbance and community structure: a marine soft- bottom example. Ecology 59 (2):274-284. Woodin S.A., 1981. Disturbance and community structure in a shallow water sandflat. Ecology 62 (4):1052-1066. Woodin S.A., 1982. Browsing: important in marine sedimentary environments?. Spionid polychaete examples. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 60:35-45. Woodin S.A., 1984. Effect of browsing predators: activity changes in infauna following tissue loss. Biol. Bull. 166:558-573. Woodin S.A., 1985. Effects of defecation by arenicolid polychaete adults on spionid polychaete juveniles in field experiments: selective settlement or differential mortality?. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. EcoL 87:119-132. Woodin S.A., 1986. Settlement of infauna: larval choice?. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39 (2):401- 407. Yokoyama H., 1990. Life history and population structure of the spionid polychaete Paraprionospio sp. (form A). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. EcoL 144:125-143. Zajac R. N., 1991. Population ecology of Polydora ligni (Polychaeta: Spionidae). I. Seasonal variation in population characteristics and reproductive activity. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 77:197-206. Zajac R.N. and Whitlatch R.B., 1982a. Responses of estuarine infauna to disturbance. I. Spatial and temporal variation of initial recolonization. Mar. EcoL Prog. Ser. 10:1- 14. 273
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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROCESSES
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ABSTRACT The spionid polychaete Pyg
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to m
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Results. . 65 Size distribution of
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CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION . . 2
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Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 6.1 Fi
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Statistica
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BACKGROUND CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A
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The scales of observation, or the s
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systematic sampling design to inves
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aised sediment within an otherwise
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Fauchald and Jumars (1979) describe
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Dalmeny House and sewage discharged
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E 7— E 6-ac. MHWS MHWN t co 4 —
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variance (TTLQV) techniques (see Lu
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analysis using Moran's and Geary's
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Holme and McIntyre (1984). Percenta
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Pattern Analysis - Grid Surveys Sur
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57 64 1=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0
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Maps produced by kriging and other
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200 180 1160 140 100 1-3 80 g 60 c.
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2.5 1.5 0.5 0 3 T (i) % Silt/clay%
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v : m pattern Id pattern Ip pattern
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" v : m pattern Id pattern Ip patte
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The results show that at the smalle
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Nephtys hombergii's spatial distrib
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(vii) G. duebeni (ix) % Organic con
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8m survey - spatial patterns Figure
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(1) P. elegans (iii) L. conchilega
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a) Ts 1.4 0.6 u 0.2 -0.2 1.4 'E5 0.
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200m 150m 100m 50m (ix) C. edule 56
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73 ‘a• el 1.4 (ix) G. duebeni 1
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DISCUSSION The main aims of this st
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formed patches less than 1m2 and th
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stutchbutyi, at Wirroa island, New
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exhibited by the tube-building poly
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CHAPTER 3 THE POPULATION STRUCTURE
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Asexual reproduction by fragmentati
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METHODS Survey design - It has been
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RESULTS The species abundances in e
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corresponds to 44 setigers using Eq
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1 0000000 00 rg 0 00 d- - Xauanbau
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Reproductive activity of Pygospio e
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P. elegans larvae at Drum Sands hav
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Pygospio elegans showed great seaso
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Previous studies have produced simi
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The sole reliance on a planktonic m
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abundance are highly seasonal, were
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CHAPTER 4 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
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studies may have been completely di
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METHODS Study site - The exact posi
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1 C N W 4----111" 1.5m 2 NW C Contr
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sediment sampling, together with re
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RESULTS Species abundances - The me
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; 15 35 — 30 — 25 — 10 — 5
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statistical difference from net plo
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Pygospio elegans size distribution
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used, approximately equivalent to t
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artefacts associated with the metho
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present in high numbers around sewa
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lack, hydrogen sulphide-smelling se
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CHAPTER 5 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
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METHODS Survey design - During late
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The sediments could not be sampled
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RESULTS Species abundances - Table
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90 — 80 — "-e-' 70 — 60 — 4
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35 — *** 30 25 — 1.) = .-c‘l
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Pygospio elegans size distributions
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which is difficult to compare with
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eason why some invertebrates showed
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This study did not set out to expli
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This reliance upon the early establ
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CHAPTER 6 INITIAL COLONISATION OF D
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esulting community at any stage of
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ambient sediment had been removed.
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emoved since they were the only tax
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All statistics were performed using
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RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
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3.5 3 5 2 11 5 1 0.5 0 40 35 Ca 30
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of non-patch areas (Figure 6.3(vi))
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the individuals colonising patch az
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Multivariate analysis of community
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Month Sample statistic (Global R) N
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2NP 3NP 4NP .•,, 6NP 5NP 6P 1NP i
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Figure 6.8: Two-dimensional MDS ord
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- - 5P ... 4P . 6P • .‘2NP 1NP
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I 50. 1 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. BRAY-C
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'P2-AZ P3-AZ N2-AZ .- - - " .„ ..
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o • o -o + 350 — 300 = 250 7 g
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The importance of the ambient commu
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In April, when P. elegans larval av
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not only for errant polychaetes, bu
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observed in this study. How crucial
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Micro-scale spatial patterns of mac
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METHODS Experimental design - A pre
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study. These individuals would not
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RESULTS Pilot survey - The pilot su
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Transect survey - Micro-scale patte
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Month v:m ratio pattern Id pattern
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(i) March 1997, replicate 1 -iAlmiA
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(xix) October 1997, replicate 1 (ra
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The new recruits were only sufficie
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The results of correlation analyses
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cf.) . crt N ,—, Cr) C,1 ,—, Cr
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1.2 -0.4 "a 0.8 > (i) % Water conte
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examine the micro-scale spatial pat
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Invertebrate larvae, those of polyc
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laboratory observations are needed
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CHAPTER 8 THE FAUNAL COMMUNITIES OF
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Other theories have been postulated
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RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
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-T. g 80 g 50 40 30 20 10 (i) Adult
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in significant differences in size
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8.2). This was mainly because of th
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120 100 80 60 - 40 20 0. cn1 c.n (i
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3NP 6NP 4NP 1 NP 5NP 2NP : 3P 1P 6P
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4P 3P 5P 5NP 6P 2P 1P Figure 8.8: T
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Figure 8.10 shows the dendrogram pr
Page 238 and 239: NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2 NP1 NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2
Page 240 and 241: Sediment water, organic and silt/cl
Page 242 and 243: 5 350 — 300 250 200 — ISO — 1
Page 244 and 245: abundances of P. ciliata had more d
Page 246 and 247: levels of silt/clay and organics. S
Page 248 and 249: 1973; Noji and Noji, 1991). Competi
Page 250 and 251: shown to consume up to 68% of a 0-g
Page 252 and 253: In Chapter 7 the micro-scale spatia
Page 254 and 255: and positions of patches. Consequen
Page 256 and 257: epresent those found establishing i
Page 258 and 259: distribution at the micro-scale. Ad
Page 260 and 261: provide a rich food source for deme
Page 262 and 263: Armonies W., 1988. Active emergence
Page 264 and 265: Cha M.W., in prep. Macroalgal mats
Page 266 and 267: Dobbs F.C. and Vozarik J.M., 1983.
Page 268 and 269: Flach E.C., 1996. The influence of
Page 270 and 271: Hall SI, Raffaeni D.G., Basford DJ.
Page 272 and 273: Keckler D., 1997. Surfer for Window
Page 274 and 275: Levin L.A. and Creed E.L., 1986. Ef
Page 276 and 277: Mileikovsky S.A., 1971. Types of la
Page 278 and 279: Ong B. and Krishnan S., 1995. Chang
Page 280 and 281: Raffaelli D.G., Hildrew A.G. and Gi
Page 282 and 283: Scheltema R.S., 1974. Biological in
Page 284 and 285: Soulsby P.G., Lowthion D., Houston
Page 286 and 287: McArdle B.H., Morrisey D., Schneide
Page 290 and 291: Zajac R.N. and Whitlatch R.B., 1982
Page 292 and 293: - C'e) oc0000mooF,o•-ooNtn-coo-00
Page 294 and 295: APPENDIX 1.2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FR
Page 296 and 297: ON In co In ° ken n00000N---0g0N-.
Page 298 and 299: o m000eno,-0-. 0 0000en ,-. 0.-00 o
Page 300 and 301: APPENDIX 2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FROM
Page 302 and 303: 0.- CV N - , .- CI E.104 ..r cv g.,
Page 304 and 305: cv en 0 a .- ,- .- .- g c', ,- ,- g
Page 306 and 307: PI — — — Pi n — — - R., .
Page 308 and 309: P . en .2 Co in ,.. ne .- cq . -- -
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