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Soulsby P.G., Lowthion D., Houston M. and Montgomery H.A.C., 1985. The role of sewage effluent in the accumulation of macroalgal mats on intertidal mudflats in two basins in southern England. Neth. J. Sea Res. 19 (314):257-263. Stephen A.C., 1929. Studies on the Scottish marine fauna: the fauna of the sandy and muddy areas of the tidal zone. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 56:291-306. Strathmann R.R., 1985. Feeding and non-feeding larval development and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16:339-361. Strathmann R.R., 1986. What controls the type of larval development?. Summary statement for the evolution session. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39 (2):616-622. Sundback K., Jonsson B., Nilsson P. and Lindstrom I., 1990. Impact of accumulating drifting macroalgae on a shallow-water sediment system: an experimental study. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 58:261-274. Taghon G.L., Nowell A.R.M. and Jumars P.A., 1980. Induction of suspension feeding in spionid polychaetes by high particulate fluxes. Science 210:562-564. Tamaki A., 1985. Inhibition of larval recruitment of Armandia sp. (Polychaeta Opheliidae) by established adults of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) (Polychaeta : Spionidae) on an intertidal sandflat. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 87:67-82. Taylor L.R., 1984. Assessing and interpreting the spatial distributions of insect populations. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 29:321-357. Ter Braak C.J., 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67 (5):1167-1179. Thistle D., 1981. Natural physical disturbances and communities of marine soft bottoms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 6:223-228. 268
Thistle D., Reidenauer J.A., Robert R.F. and Waldo R., 1984. An experimental investigation of enhanced harpacticoid (Copepoda) abundances around isolated seagrass shoots. Oecologia 63:295-299. Thorson G., 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates with special reference to the planktonic larvae of the Sound. Med. Komm. Danm. Kisk. Havunders 4:1-523. Thorson G., 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 25:1-45. Thrush S.F., 1986a. The sublittoral macrobenthic community structure of an Irish sea- lough: effect of decomposing accumulations of seaweed. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 96:199-212. Thrush S.F., 1986b. Spatial heterogeneity in subtidal gravel generated by the pit- digging activities of Cancer pagurus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 30:221-227. Thrush S.F., 1988. The comparison of macrobenthic recolonization patterns near and away from crab burrows on a sublittoral sandflat. J. Mar. Res. 46:669-681. Thrush S.F., 1991. Spatial pattern in soft-bottom communities. TREE 6 (3):75-79. Thrush S.F., Hewitt J.E. and Pridmore R.D., 1989. Patterns in the spatial arrangement of polychaetes and bivalves in intertidal sandflats. Mar. Biol. 102:529-535. Thrush S.F., Pridmore R.D., Hewitt J.E. and Cummings V.J., 1992. Adult infauna as facilitators of colonisation on intertidal sandflats. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 159:253- 265. Thrush S.F., Pridmore R.D., Bell R.G., Cummings V.J., Dayton P.K., Ford R., Grant J., Green M.O., Hewitt J.E., Hines A.H., Hume T.M., Lawrie S.M., Legendre P., 269
Page 1 and 2:
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROCESSES
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ABSTRACT The spionid polychaete Pyg
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to m
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Results. . 65 Size distribution of
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CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION . . 2
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Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 6.1 Fi
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Statistica
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BACKGROUND CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A
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The scales of observation, or the s
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systematic sampling design to inves
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aised sediment within an otherwise
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Fauchald and Jumars (1979) describe
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Dalmeny House and sewage discharged
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E 7— E 6-ac. MHWS MHWN t co 4 —
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variance (TTLQV) techniques (see Lu
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analysis using Moran's and Geary's
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Holme and McIntyre (1984). Percenta
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Pattern Analysis - Grid Surveys Sur
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57 64 1=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0
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Maps produced by kriging and other
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200 180 1160 140 100 1-3 80 g 60 c.
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2.5 1.5 0.5 0 3 T (i) % Silt/clay%
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v : m pattern Id pattern Ip pattern
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" v : m pattern Id pattern Ip patte
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The results show that at the smalle
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Nephtys hombergii's spatial distrib
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(vii) G. duebeni (ix) % Organic con
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8m survey - spatial patterns Figure
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(1) P. elegans (iii) L. conchilega
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a) Ts 1.4 0.6 u 0.2 -0.2 1.4 'E5 0.
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200m 150m 100m 50m (ix) C. edule 56
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73 ‘a• el 1.4 (ix) G. duebeni 1
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DISCUSSION The main aims of this st
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formed patches less than 1m2 and th
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stutchbutyi, at Wirroa island, New
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exhibited by the tube-building poly
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CHAPTER 3 THE POPULATION STRUCTURE
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Asexual reproduction by fragmentati
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METHODS Survey design - It has been
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RESULTS The species abundances in e
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corresponds to 44 setigers using Eq
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1 0000000 00 rg 0 00 d- - Xauanbau
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Reproductive activity of Pygospio e
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P. elegans larvae at Drum Sands hav
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Pygospio elegans showed great seaso
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Previous studies have produced simi
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The sole reliance on a planktonic m
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abundance are highly seasonal, were
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CHAPTER 4 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
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studies may have been completely di
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METHODS Study site - The exact posi
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1 C N W 4----111" 1.5m 2 NW C Contr
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sediment sampling, together with re
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RESULTS Species abundances - The me
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; 15 35 — 30 — 25 — 10 — 5
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statistical difference from net plo
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Pygospio elegans size distribution
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used, approximately equivalent to t
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artefacts associated with the metho
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present in high numbers around sewa
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lack, hydrogen sulphide-smelling se
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CHAPTER 5 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
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METHODS Survey design - During late
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The sediments could not be sampled
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RESULTS Species abundances - Table
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90 — 80 — "-e-' 70 — 60 — 4
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35 — *** 30 25 — 1.) = .-c‘l
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Pygospio elegans size distributions
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which is difficult to compare with
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eason why some invertebrates showed
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This study did not set out to expli
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This reliance upon the early establ
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CHAPTER 6 INITIAL COLONISATION OF D
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esulting community at any stage of
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ambient sediment had been removed.
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emoved since they were the only tax
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All statistics were performed using
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RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
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3.5 3 5 2 11 5 1 0.5 0 40 35 Ca 30
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of non-patch areas (Figure 6.3(vi))
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the individuals colonising patch az
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Multivariate analysis of community
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Month Sample statistic (Global R) N
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2NP 3NP 4NP .•,, 6NP 5NP 6P 1NP i
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Figure 6.8: Two-dimensional MDS ord
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- - 5P ... 4P . 6P • .‘2NP 1NP
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I 50. 1 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. BRAY-C
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'P2-AZ P3-AZ N2-AZ .- - - " .„ ..
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o • o -o + 350 — 300 = 250 7 g
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The importance of the ambient commu
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In April, when P. elegans larval av
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not only for errant polychaetes, bu
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observed in this study. How crucial
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Micro-scale spatial patterns of mac
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METHODS Experimental design - A pre
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study. These individuals would not
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RESULTS Pilot survey - The pilot su
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Transect survey - Micro-scale patte
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Month v:m ratio pattern Id pattern
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(i) March 1997, replicate 1 -iAlmiA
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(xix) October 1997, replicate 1 (ra
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The new recruits were only sufficie
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The results of correlation analyses
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cf.) . crt N ,—, Cr) C,1 ,—, Cr
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1.2 -0.4 "a 0.8 > (i) % Water conte
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examine the micro-scale spatial pat
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Invertebrate larvae, those of polyc
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laboratory observations are needed
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CHAPTER 8 THE FAUNAL COMMUNITIES OF
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Other theories have been postulated
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RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
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-T. g 80 g 50 40 30 20 10 (i) Adult
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in significant differences in size
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8.2). This was mainly because of th
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120 100 80 60 - 40 20 0. cn1 c.n (i
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3NP 6NP 4NP 1 NP 5NP 2NP : 3P 1P 6P
Page 234 and 235: 4P 3P 5P 5NP 6P 2P 1P Figure 8.8: T
Page 236 and 237: Figure 8.10 shows the dendrogram pr
Page 238 and 239: NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2 NP1 NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2
Page 240 and 241: Sediment water, organic and silt/cl
Page 242 and 243: 5 350 — 300 250 200 — ISO — 1
Page 244 and 245: abundances of P. ciliata had more d
Page 246 and 247: levels of silt/clay and organics. S
Page 248 and 249: 1973; Noji and Noji, 1991). Competi
Page 250 and 251: shown to consume up to 68% of a 0-g
Page 252 and 253: In Chapter 7 the micro-scale spatia
Page 254 and 255: and positions of patches. Consequen
Page 256 and 257: epresent those found establishing i
Page 258 and 259: distribution at the micro-scale. Ad
Page 260 and 261: provide a rich food source for deme
Page 262 and 263: Armonies W., 1988. Active emergence
Page 264 and 265: Cha M.W., in prep. Macroalgal mats
Page 266 and 267: Dobbs F.C. and Vozarik J.M., 1983.
Page 268 and 269: Flach E.C., 1996. The influence of
Page 270 and 271: Hall SI, Raffaeni D.G., Basford DJ.
Page 272 and 273: Keckler D., 1997. Surfer for Window
Page 274 and 275: Levin L.A. and Creed E.L., 1986. Ef
Page 276 and 277: Mileikovsky S.A., 1971. Types of la
Page 278 and 279: Ong B. and Krishnan S., 1995. Chang
Page 280 and 281: Raffaelli D.G., Hildrew A.G. and Gi
Page 282 and 283: Scheltema R.S., 1974. Biological in
Page 286 and 287: McArdle B.H., Morrisey D., Schneide
Page 288 and 289: Wharfe J.R., 1977. An ecological su
Page 290 and 291: Zajac R.N. and Whitlatch R.B., 1982
Page 292 and 293: - C'e) oc0000mooF,o•-ooNtn-coo-00
Page 294 and 295: APPENDIX 1.2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FR
Page 296 and 297: ON In co In ° ken n00000N---0g0N-.
Page 298 and 299: o m000eno,-0-. 0 0000en ,-. 0.-00 o
Page 300 and 301: APPENDIX 2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FROM
Page 302 and 303: 0.- CV N - , .- CI E.104 ..r cv g.,
Page 304 and 305: cv en 0 a .- ,- .- .- g c', ,- ,- g
Page 306 and 307: PI — — — Pi n — — - R., .
Page 308 and 309: P . en .2 Co in ,.. ne .- cq . -- -
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