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Hall SI, Raffaeni D.G., Basford DJ. and Robertson MR., 1990. The importance of flatfish predation and disturbance on marine benthos: an experiment with dab Limanda limanda (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 136:65-76. Hall S.J., Basford DJ., Robertson M.R., Raffaelli D.G. and Tuck 1., 1991. Patterns of recolonisation and the importance of pit-digging by the crab Cancer pa gurus in a subtidal sand habitat. Mar. Ecol. Frog. Ser. 72:93-102. Hall S.J., Raffaelli D. and Thrush S.F., 1993. Patchiness and disturbance in shallow water benthic assemblages. In: Aquatic ecology: Scale, pattern and processes. Giller P.S., Hildrew A.G., and Raffaelli D. (eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications. 649pp. Hannan C.A., 1984. Planktonic larvae may act like passive particles in turbulent near- bottom flows. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29 (5):1108-1116. Hannerz L., 1956. Larval development of Spionidae. Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala 31:3-194. Hanski 1.., 1994. Spatial scale, patchiness and population dynamics on land. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Loud.. 343B:19-25. Havenhand J.N., 1993. Egg to juvenile period, generation time, and the evolution of larval type in marine invertebrates. Mar. Ecol. Frog. Ser. 97:247-260. He F., Legendre P., Bellehumeur C. and LaFrankie J.V., 1994. Diversity pattern and spatial scale: a study of a tropical rainforest of Malaysia. Env. Ecol. Stat. 1:265-286. Hempel V.C., 1957. Uber den Rohrenbau und die Nahrungensaufnahme einiger Spioniden (Polychaeta sedentaria) der deutschen Kusten. Helgolander Wiss. Meeres, 6:100-135. 253
Hsieh H.L., 1994. Habitat selection by settling larvae of the spionid Pseudopolydora diopatrae. Memoires Du Museum National D'Histoire NatureIle 162:625. Hubert L.J., Golledge R.G. and Costanzo C.M., 1981. Generalized procedures for evaluating spatial autocorrelation. Geogr. Anal. 13:224-233. Hull S.C., 1987. Macroalgal mats and species abundance: a field experiment. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 25:519-532. Hull S.C., 1988. The growth of macroalgal mats on the Ythan estuary, with respect to their effects on invertebrate abundance. PhD Thesis, University of Aberdeen. Hurlbert S.H., 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54 (2):187-211. Hurlbert S.H., 1990. Spatial distribution of the Montane Unicorn. Oikos 58:257-271. Jensen K.T., 1985. The presence of the bivalve Cerastoderma edule affects migration, survival and reproduction of the amphipod Corophium volutator. Mar. Ecol. Frog. Ser. 25:269-277. Johnson R.G., 1970. Variations in diversity within benthic marine communities. Amer. Natur. 104:285-300. Jones J.E. and Jago C.F., 1993. In situ assessment of modification of sediment properties by burrowing invertebrates. Mar. Biol. 115:133-142. Jumars P.A., 1978. Spatial autocorrelation with RUM (Remote Underwater Manipulator): vertical and horizontal structure of a bathyal benthic community. Deep- Sea Res. 25:589-604. Jumars P.A., Thistle D. and Jones M.L., 1977. Detecting two-dimensional spatial structure in biological data. Oecologia (Berl.) 28:109-123. 255
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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROCESSES
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ABSTRACT The spionid polychaete Pyg
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to m
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Results. . 65 Size distribution of
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CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION . . 2
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Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 6.1 Fi
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Statistica
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BACKGROUND CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A
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The scales of observation, or the s
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systematic sampling design to inves
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aised sediment within an otherwise
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Fauchald and Jumars (1979) describe
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Dalmeny House and sewage discharged
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E 7— E 6-ac. MHWS MHWN t co 4 —
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variance (TTLQV) techniques (see Lu
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analysis using Moran's and Geary's
Page 34 and 35:
Holme and McIntyre (1984). Percenta
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Pattern Analysis - Grid Surveys Sur
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57 64 1=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0
Page 40 and 41:
Maps produced by kriging and other
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200 180 1160 140 100 1-3 80 g 60 c.
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2.5 1.5 0.5 0 3 T (i) % Silt/clay%
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v : m pattern Id pattern Ip pattern
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" v : m pattern Id pattern Ip patte
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The results show that at the smalle
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Nephtys hombergii's spatial distrib
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(vii) G. duebeni (ix) % Organic con
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8m survey - spatial patterns Figure
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(1) P. elegans (iii) L. conchilega
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a) Ts 1.4 0.6 u 0.2 -0.2 1.4 'E5 0.
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200m 150m 100m 50m (ix) C. edule 56
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73 ‘a• el 1.4 (ix) G. duebeni 1
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DISCUSSION The main aims of this st
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formed patches less than 1m2 and th
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stutchbutyi, at Wirroa island, New
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exhibited by the tube-building poly
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CHAPTER 3 THE POPULATION STRUCTURE
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Asexual reproduction by fragmentati
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METHODS Survey design - It has been
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RESULTS The species abundances in e
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corresponds to 44 setigers using Eq
Page 84 and 85:
1 0000000 00 rg 0 00 d- - Xauanbau
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Reproductive activity of Pygospio e
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P. elegans larvae at Drum Sands hav
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Pygospio elegans showed great seaso
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Previous studies have produced simi
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The sole reliance on a planktonic m
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abundance are highly seasonal, were
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER 4 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
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studies may have been completely di
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METHODS Study site - The exact posi
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1 C N W 4----111" 1.5m 2 NW C Contr
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sediment sampling, together with re
Page 108 and 109:
RESULTS Species abundances - The me
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; 15 35 — 30 — 25 — 10 — 5
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statistical difference from net plo
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Pygospio elegans size distribution
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used, approximately equivalent to t
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artefacts associated with the metho
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present in high numbers around sewa
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lack, hydrogen sulphide-smelling se
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CHAPTER 5 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
Page 126 and 127:
METHODS Survey design - During late
Page 128 and 129:
The sediments could not be sampled
Page 130 and 131:
RESULTS Species abundances - Table
Page 132 and 133:
90 — 80 — "-e-' 70 — 60 — 4
Page 134 and 135:
35 — *** 30 25 — 1.) = .-c‘l
Page 136 and 137:
Pygospio elegans size distributions
Page 138 and 139:
which is difficult to compare with
Page 140 and 141:
eason why some invertebrates showed
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This study did not set out to expli
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This reliance upon the early establ
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CHAPTER 6 INITIAL COLONISATION OF D
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esulting community at any stage of
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ambient sediment had been removed.
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emoved since they were the only tax
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All statistics were performed using
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RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
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3.5 3 5 2 11 5 1 0.5 0 40 35 Ca 30
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of non-patch areas (Figure 6.3(vi))
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the individuals colonising patch az
Page 164 and 165:
Multivariate analysis of community
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Month Sample statistic (Global R) N
Page 168 and 169:
2NP 3NP 4NP .•,, 6NP 5NP 6P 1NP i
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Figure 6.8: Two-dimensional MDS ord
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- - 5P ... 4P . 6P • .‘2NP 1NP
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I 50. 1 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. BRAY-C
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'P2-AZ P3-AZ N2-AZ .- - - " .„ ..
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o • o -o + 350 — 300 = 250 7 g
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The importance of the ambient commu
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In April, when P. elegans larval av
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not only for errant polychaetes, bu
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observed in this study. How crucial
Page 188 and 189:
Micro-scale spatial patterns of mac
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METHODS Experimental design - A pre
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study. These individuals would not
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RESULTS Pilot survey - The pilot su
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Transect survey - Micro-scale patte
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Month v:m ratio pattern Id pattern
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(i) March 1997, replicate 1 -iAlmiA
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(xix) October 1997, replicate 1 (ra
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The new recruits were only sufficie
Page 206 and 207:
The results of correlation analyses
Page 208 and 209:
cf.) . crt N ,—, Cr) C,1 ,—, Cr
Page 210 and 211:
1.2 -0.4 "a 0.8 > (i) % Water conte
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examine the micro-scale spatial pat
Page 214 and 215:
Invertebrate larvae, those of polyc
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laboratory observations are needed
Page 218 and 219:
CHAPTER 8 THE FAUNAL COMMUNITIES OF
Page 220 and 221: Other theories have been postulated
Page 222 and 223: RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
Page 224 and 225: -T. g 80 g 50 40 30 20 10 (i) Adult
Page 226 and 227: in significant differences in size
Page 228 and 229: 8.2). This was mainly because of th
Page 230 and 231: 120 100 80 60 - 40 20 0. cn1 c.n (i
Page 232 and 233: 3NP 6NP 4NP 1 NP 5NP 2NP : 3P 1P 6P
Page 234 and 235: 4P 3P 5P 5NP 6P 2P 1P Figure 8.8: T
Page 236 and 237: Figure 8.10 shows the dendrogram pr
Page 238 and 239: NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2 NP1 NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2
Page 240 and 241: Sediment water, organic and silt/cl
Page 242 and 243: 5 350 — 300 250 200 — ISO — 1
Page 244 and 245: abundances of P. ciliata had more d
Page 246 and 247: levels of silt/clay and organics. S
Page 248 and 249: 1973; Noji and Noji, 1991). Competi
Page 250 and 251: shown to consume up to 68% of a 0-g
Page 252 and 253: In Chapter 7 the micro-scale spatia
Page 254 and 255: and positions of patches. Consequen
Page 256 and 257: epresent those found establishing i
Page 258 and 259: distribution at the micro-scale. Ad
Page 260 and 261: provide a rich food source for deme
Page 262 and 263: Armonies W., 1988. Active emergence
Page 264 and 265: Cha M.W., in prep. Macroalgal mats
Page 266 and 267: Dobbs F.C. and Vozarik J.M., 1983.
Page 268 and 269: Flach E.C., 1996. The influence of
Page 272 and 273: Keckler D., 1997. Surfer for Window
Page 274 and 275: Levin L.A. and Creed E.L., 1986. Ef
Page 276 and 277: Mileikovsky S.A., 1971. Types of la
Page 278 and 279: Ong B. and Krishnan S., 1995. Chang
Page 280 and 281: Raffaelli D.G., Hildrew A.G. and Gi
Page 282 and 283: Scheltema R.S., 1974. Biological in
Page 284 and 285: Soulsby P.G., Lowthion D., Houston
Page 286 and 287: McArdle B.H., Morrisey D., Schneide
Page 288 and 289: Wharfe J.R., 1977. An ecological su
Page 290 and 291: Zajac R.N. and Whitlatch R.B., 1982
Page 292 and 293: - C'e) oc0000mooF,o•-ooNtn-coo-00
Page 294 and 295: APPENDIX 1.2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FR
Page 296 and 297: ON In co In ° ken n00000N---0g0N-.
Page 298 and 299: o m000eno,-0-. 0 0000en ,-. 0.-00 o
Page 300 and 301: APPENDIX 2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FROM
Page 302 and 303: 0.- CV N - , .- CI E.104 ..r cv g.,
Page 304 and 305: cv en 0 a .- ,- .- .- g c', ,- ,- g
Page 306 and 307: PI — — — Pi n — — - R., .
Page 308 and 309: P . en .2 Co in ,.. ne .- cq . -- -
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