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Armonies W., 1988. Active emergence of meiofauna from intertidal sediment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 43:151-159. Armonies W., 1994. Drifting meio- and macrobenthic invertebrates on tidal flats in Konigshafen : a review. Helgolander Meeres. 48:299-320. Bachelet G., 1990. Recruitment of soft-sediment infaunal invertebrates: the importance of juvenile benthic stages. La mer 28:199-210. Boesch D.F., Diaz R.S. and Virnstein R.W., 1976. Effects of tropical storm Agnes on soft-bottom macrobenthic communities of the James and York estuaries and the lower Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Sci. 17:246-259. Bonsdorff E., 1989. Infaunal colonization and its dependence on environmental variation - experimental evidence from the northern Baltic Sea. In: Reproduction, genetics and distributions of marine organisms. (Fredensberg, Olsen and Olsen, eds.). pp.349-356. Bonsdorff E., 1992. Drifting algae and zoobenthos - effects on settling and community structure. Neth. J. Sea Res. 30:57-62. Bonsdorff E. and Osterman C-S., 1984. The establishment, succession and dynamics of a zoobenthic community - an experimental study. In: Proceedings of the 19th European marine biology symposium. Gibb P.E. (ed.). Cambridge University Press, London. pp.287-297. Breese W.P. and Phibbs F.D., 1972. Ingestion of bivalve Molluscan larvae by the polychaete annelid Polydora ligni. Veliger 14 (3):274-275. Brey T., 1991. Interactions in soft-bottom benthic communities: quantitative aspects of behaviour in the surface deposit feeders Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta) and Macoma balthica (Bivalvia). Helgolander Meeres. 45:301-316. 245
Burgman M.A. and Williams M.R., 1995. An analysis of the spatial pattern of arthropod fauna of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) foliage using a Mantel correlogram. Austral. J. Ecol. 20:455-457. Burrough P.A., 1987. Spatial aspects of ecological data. In: Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Jongman, Ter Braak and Van Tongeren (eds.). Pudoc. Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp.213-251. Butman C.A., 1987. Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: the spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamic processes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 25:113-165. Butman C.A., Grassle J.P. and Webb C.M., 1988a. Substrate choices made by marine larvae settling in still water and in a flume flow. Nature 333:771-773. Butman C.A., Grassle J.P. and Buskey E.J., 1988b. Horizontal swimming and gravitational sinking of Capitella sp.I (Annelida : Polychaeta) larvae: implications for settlement. Ophelia 29 (1):43-57. Carey D.A., 1982. Sedimentalogical, ecological and hydrodynamic effects of a tube- building polychaete (Lanice conchilega Pallas). PhD. Dissertation, University of St. Andrews. Carey D.A., 1987. Sedimentological effects and palaeoecological implications of the tube-building polychaete Lanice conchilega Pallas. Sedimentology 34:49-66. Caswell H. and Cohen J.E., 1991. Communities in patchy environments: a model of disturbance, competition and heterogeneity. In: Ecological heterogeneity. Kolassa J. and Pickett S.T.A. (eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York. pp.97-122. Caudwell C.M. and Jones A.M., 1994. Montrose basin tidal flats: annual monitoring program, September 1993. Reports to Scottish Natural Heritage. 246
Page 1 and 2:
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROCESSES
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ABSTRACT The spionid polychaete Pyg
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to m
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Results. . 65 Size distribution of
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CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION . . 2
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Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 6.1 Fi
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Statistica
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BACKGROUND CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A
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The scales of observation, or the s
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systematic sampling design to inves
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aised sediment within an otherwise
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Fauchald and Jumars (1979) describe
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Dalmeny House and sewage discharged
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E 7— E 6-ac. MHWS MHWN t co 4 —
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variance (TTLQV) techniques (see Lu
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analysis using Moran's and Geary's
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Holme and McIntyre (1984). Percenta
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Pattern Analysis - Grid Surveys Sur
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57 64 1=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0
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Maps produced by kriging and other
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200 180 1160 140 100 1-3 80 g 60 c.
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2.5 1.5 0.5 0 3 T (i) % Silt/clay%
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v : m pattern Id pattern Ip pattern
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" v : m pattern Id pattern Ip patte
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The results show that at the smalle
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Nephtys hombergii's spatial distrib
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(vii) G. duebeni (ix) % Organic con
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8m survey - spatial patterns Figure
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(1) P. elegans (iii) L. conchilega
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a) Ts 1.4 0.6 u 0.2 -0.2 1.4 'E5 0.
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200m 150m 100m 50m (ix) C. edule 56
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73 ‘a• el 1.4 (ix) G. duebeni 1
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DISCUSSION The main aims of this st
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formed patches less than 1m2 and th
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stutchbutyi, at Wirroa island, New
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exhibited by the tube-building poly
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CHAPTER 3 THE POPULATION STRUCTURE
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Asexual reproduction by fragmentati
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METHODS Survey design - It has been
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RESULTS The species abundances in e
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corresponds to 44 setigers using Eq
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1 0000000 00 rg 0 00 d- - Xauanbau
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Reproductive activity of Pygospio e
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P. elegans larvae at Drum Sands hav
Page 90 and 91:
Pygospio elegans showed great seaso
Page 92 and 93:
Previous studies have produced simi
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The sole reliance on a planktonic m
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abundance are highly seasonal, were
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CHAPTER 4 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
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studies may have been completely di
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METHODS Study site - The exact posi
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1 C N W 4----111" 1.5m 2 NW C Contr
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sediment sampling, together with re
Page 108 and 109:
RESULTS Species abundances - The me
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; 15 35 — 30 — 25 — 10 — 5
Page 112 and 113:
statistical difference from net plo
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Pygospio elegans size distribution
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used, approximately equivalent to t
Page 118 and 119:
artefacts associated with the metho
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present in high numbers around sewa
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lack, hydrogen sulphide-smelling se
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CHAPTER 5 THE EFFECTS OF MACROALGAL
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METHODS Survey design - During late
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The sediments could not be sampled
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RESULTS Species abundances - Table
Page 132 and 133:
90 — 80 — "-e-' 70 — 60 — 4
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35 — *** 30 25 — 1.) = .-c‘l
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Pygospio elegans size distributions
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which is difficult to compare with
Page 140 and 141:
eason why some invertebrates showed
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This study did not set out to expli
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This reliance upon the early establ
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CHAPTER 6 INITIAL COLONISATION OF D
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esulting community at any stage of
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ambient sediment had been removed.
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emoved since they were the only tax
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All statistics were performed using
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RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
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3.5 3 5 2 11 5 1 0.5 0 40 35 Ca 30
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of non-patch areas (Figure 6.3(vi))
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the individuals colonising patch az
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Multivariate analysis of community
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Month Sample statistic (Global R) N
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2NP 3NP 4NP .•,, 6NP 5NP 6P 1NP i
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Figure 6.8: Two-dimensional MDS ord
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- - 5P ... 4P . 6P • .‘2NP 1NP
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I 50. 1 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. BRAY-C
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'P2-AZ P3-AZ N2-AZ .- - - " .„ ..
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o • o -o + 350 — 300 = 250 7 g
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The importance of the ambient commu
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In April, when P. elegans larval av
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not only for errant polychaetes, bu
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observed in this study. How crucial
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Micro-scale spatial patterns of mac
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METHODS Experimental design - A pre
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study. These individuals would not
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RESULTS Pilot survey - The pilot su
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Transect survey - Micro-scale patte
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Month v:m ratio pattern Id pattern
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(i) March 1997, replicate 1 -iAlmiA
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(xix) October 1997, replicate 1 (ra
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The new recruits were only sufficie
Page 206 and 207:
The results of correlation analyses
Page 208 and 209:
cf.) . crt N ,—, Cr) C,1 ,—, Cr
Page 210 and 211:
1.2 -0.4 "a 0.8 > (i) % Water conte
Page 212 and 213: examine the micro-scale spatial pat
Page 214 and 215: Invertebrate larvae, those of polyc
Page 216 and 217: laboratory observations are needed
Page 218 and 219: CHAPTER 8 THE FAUNAL COMMUNITIES OF
Page 220 and 221: Other theories have been postulated
Page 222 and 223: RESULTS Univariate analysis of spec
Page 224 and 225: -T. g 80 g 50 40 30 20 10 (i) Adult
Page 226 and 227: in significant differences in size
Page 228 and 229: 8.2). This was mainly because of th
Page 230 and 231: 120 100 80 60 - 40 20 0. cn1 c.n (i
Page 232 and 233: 3NP 6NP 4NP 1 NP 5NP 2NP : 3P 1P 6P
Page 234 and 235: 4P 3P 5P 5NP 6P 2P 1P Figure 8.8: T
Page 236 and 237: Figure 8.10 shows the dendrogram pr
Page 238 and 239: NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2 NP1 NP1 NP2 NP2 NP2
Page 240 and 241: Sediment water, organic and silt/cl
Page 242 and 243: 5 350 — 300 250 200 — ISO — 1
Page 244 and 245: abundances of P. ciliata had more d
Page 246 and 247: levels of silt/clay and organics. S
Page 248 and 249: 1973; Noji and Noji, 1991). Competi
Page 250 and 251: shown to consume up to 68% of a 0-g
Page 252 and 253: In Chapter 7 the micro-scale spatia
Page 254 and 255: and positions of patches. Consequen
Page 256 and 257: epresent those found establishing i
Page 258 and 259: distribution at the micro-scale. Ad
Page 260 and 261: provide a rich food source for deme
Page 264 and 265: Cha M.W., in prep. Macroalgal mats
Page 266 and 267: Dobbs F.C. and Vozarik J.M., 1983.
Page 268 and 269: Flach E.C., 1996. The influence of
Page 270 and 271: Hall SI, Raffaeni D.G., Basford DJ.
Page 272 and 273: Keckler D., 1997. Surfer for Window
Page 274 and 275: Levin L.A. and Creed E.L., 1986. Ef
Page 276 and 277: Mileikovsky S.A., 1971. Types of la
Page 278 and 279: Ong B. and Krishnan S., 1995. Chang
Page 280 and 281: Raffaelli D.G., Hildrew A.G. and Gi
Page 282 and 283: Scheltema R.S., 1974. Biological in
Page 284 and 285: Soulsby P.G., Lowthion D., Houston
Page 286 and 287: McArdle B.H., Morrisey D., Schneide
Page 288 and 289: Wharfe J.R., 1977. An ecological su
Page 290 and 291: Zajac R.N. and Whitlatch R.B., 1982
Page 292 and 293: - C'e) oc0000mooF,o•-ooNtn-coo-00
Page 294 and 295: APPENDIX 1.2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FR
Page 296 and 297: ON In co In ° ken n00000N---0g0N-.
Page 298 and 299: o m000eno,-0-. 0 0000en ,-. 0.-00 o
Page 300 and 301: APPENDIX 2: SPECIES ABUNDANCES FROM
Page 302 and 303: 0.- CV N - , .- CI E.104 ..r cv g.,
Page 304 and 305: cv en 0 a .- ,- .- .- g c', ,- ,- g
Page 306 and 307: PI — — — Pi n — — - R., .
Page 308 and 309: P . en .2 Co in ,.. ne .- cq . -- -
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