THESIS APPROVAL

Table 2 Molecular formulae, relative indices of carcinogenicity, physical and
chemical properties of PAHs.
Name
Formula Weight Relative index
of
carcinogenicity
Melting
point
(°C)
Boiling
point
(°C)
Water
solubility
(mg/l)
Naphthalene C10H8 128 zero 80 218 30
Acenaphthylene C12H8 152 zero 92 265 3.93
Acenapthene C12H10 154 zero 96 279 3.47
Fluorine C13H10 166 low 116 293 1.98
Phenanthrene C14H10 178 low 101 340 1.29
Anthracene C14H10 178 low 216 340 0.07
Fluoranthene C16H10 202 low 111 - 0.26
Pyrene C16H10 202 low 149 360 0.14
Benzo(a)
anthracene
C18H12 228 intermediate 158 400 0.014
Chrysene C18H12 228 intermediate 255 - 0.002
Benzo(b)
fluoranthene
C20H12 252 very high 137 - 1.2×10 3
Benzo(k)
fluoranthene
C20H12 252 intermediate 217 480 5.5×10 4
Benzo(a)
pyrene
C20H12 252 extreme high 179 496 3.8×10 3
Dibenzo(a,h)
Anthracene
C22H14 278 extreme high 262 - 5.0×10 4
Benzo(g,h,i) C22H12 276 intermediate 222 - 2.6×10 4
perylene
Indeno
(1,2,3,cd)
pyrene
Source: Sim and Overcash (1983)
2.2 Fossil Fuels
C22H12 276 high 163 - 0.062
This form is diagenesis of sedimentary organic material to form fossil
fuels under low to moderate temperature. Coal is generally considered an aromatic
material. As much as 75% of the carbon present in bituminous coal may be in
aromatic form (Neff, 1985). Crude and refined oils contain significant quantities of
PAHs. Typical crude petroleum may contain from 0.2% to more than 7% PAHs.
Refined petroleum such as kerosene, gasoline and diesel oil, have relatively low
concentrations of tricyclic and larger PAHs, while heavy oil products such as residual
20