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Landrum, P. F. 1988. Toxicokinetics of organic xenobiotics in the amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi: role of physiological and environmental variables. Aquat. Toxicol. 12: 245-271. ______. 1989. Bioavailability and toxicokinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons sorbed to sediments for the amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23: 588-595. ______, B. J. Eadie and W. R. Faust. 1992. Variation in the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the amphipod Diporeia spp. with sediment aging. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11: 1197-1208. 132 ______, G. R. Lotufo, D. C. Gossiaux, M. L. Gedeon and J. Lee. 2003. Bioaccumulation and critical body residue of PAHs in the amphipod, Diporeia spp.: additional evidence to support toxicity additivity for PAH mixtures. Chemosphere. 51: 481-489. ______ and J. A. Robbins. 1990. Bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants to benthic invertebrates, pp. 237-263. In R. Baudo, J. P. Giesy and H. Muntau. Sediment: Chemistry and Toxicity of In-Place Pollutants, Vol. 8. Lewis Publisher, Mississippi. Laughlin, R. B. and J. M. Neff. 1979. Influence of temperature, salinity and phenanthrene (a petroleum derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) on the respiration of larval mud crabs, Rhithropanopeus harrisii. Est. Coast. Mar. Sci. 10: 655-669. LeBlanc, G. A. 1980. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea (Daphnia magna). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 684-691.
Lee, H. 1992. Models, muddles and mud: predicting bioaccumulation of sedimentassociated pollutants, pp. 267-293. In G. A. Burton, ed. Sediment Toxicity Assessment. Lewis Publishers, Mississippi. Lee, R. F. 1998. Annelid cytochrome P-450. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 121: 173–179. ______, W. S. Gardner, J. W. Anderson, J. W. Blaylock and J. Barwell-Clarke. 1978. Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in controlled ecosystem enclosures. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12: 832-838. ______, R. Sauerheber and A. A. Benson. 1972a. Petroleum hydrocarbons: uptake and discharge by the marine mussel Mytilus edulis. Science. 177: 344-346. ______and G. H. Dobbs. 1972b. Uptake, metabolism and discharge of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine fish. Mar. Biol. 17: 201-208. Lee, W. Y. and J. A. C. Nicol. 1978. Individual and combined toxicity of some petroleum hydrocarbons to the marine amphipod, Elasmopus pectenicrus. Mar. Biol. 48: 215-222. 133 Leppanen, M. T. and J. V. K. Kukkonen. 1997. Use of Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta: Lumbriculidae) in sediment toxicity tests. In H. Hogmander and A. Oikari, eds. Proceeding Third Finnish Conference of Environmental Science. Ambiotica. 1: 194-197. ______. 1998a. Factors affecting feeding rate, reproduction and growth of an oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (Muller). Hydrobiologia. 377: 183–194. ______. 1998b. Relative importance of ingested sediment and pore water as bioaccumulation routes for pyrene to oligochaete (Lumbriculus variegatus, Muller). Environ. Sci. Tech. 32: 1503-1508.
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THESIS APPROVAL GRADUATE SCHOOL, KA
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Warucha Kanchana-Aksorn 2009: Use o
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CON
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Pa
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Appendix
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Aquat
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Appendi
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USE OF FRESHWATER OLIGOCHAETE (LIMN
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At this stage, laboratory study on
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LITERATURE REVIEW Methodology of To
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through development, such as hatchi
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ange of 0.15-1.5 is thus expected p
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on microcustaceans, insect larvae a
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Figure 4 Budding in oligochaete sho
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Thalassodrilus, Clitellio, Adelodri
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Figure 7 Tail protrusion and swayin
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Figure 8 Chemical structures of six
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oil and asphalt may contain several
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several PAHs in water and sediment,
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5. Transformation by Microorganisms
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et al., 2005), while in shore crabs
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7. Toxic Effects in Aquatic Organis
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Table 6 (Continued) PAHs Species LC
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their exposure to digestive fluids
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during the sediment aging process,
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Changes in bottom sediment in the l
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1. Instruments MATERIALS AND METHOD
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the technique of mitochondrial 16s
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2. Investigation on the Morphologic
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and no worms placed to the sediment
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3.4 Data Analysis All values were r
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Table 9). Spiked sediment was subsa
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Sediment avoidance in ij = (Σ anim
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3) Test Conditions The bioaccumulat
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uptake of naphthalene into fish, an
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4) Exposure Study Trophic transfer
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performed with 20 ml extraction flu
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results 1. B
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Figure 13 Morphological features of
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Living style of L. hoffmeisteri was
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Figure 17 Feeding behavior of L. ho
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worms in this old class whereas a l
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No. of ind No. of ind No. of ind No
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Figure 23 Adult worm (3.0-3.5 cm) i
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3.4 Relationship between Oligochaet
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Table 14 Lethal and sublethal effec
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Figure 29 Mortality of L. hoffmeist
Page 95 and 96: ioaccumulation test, respectively (
Page 97 and 98: Concentration (ug/g dwt) 2000 1500
Page 99 and 100: analysis from two-factor ANOVA show
Page 101 and 102: sediment particles and accumulated
Page 103 and 104: undulatory swimming. Also, the peri
Page 105 and 106: The existence of L. hoffmeisteri in
Page 107 and 108: Lumbriculus variegatus ceased at le
Page 109 and 110: low level of DO had thoroughly occu
Page 111 and 112: in water, and thus is available for
Page 113 and 114: (1988) who investigated subacute re
Page 115 and 116: pollutants in aquatic ecosystems (M
Page 117 and 118: et al., 1994b), in dosed sediments
Page 119 and 120: (1997) said that naphthalene is mod
Page 121 and 122: 107 various studies showed that fis
Page 123 and 124: (Dobroski and Epifano, 1980; Wolfe
Page 125 and 126: 111 experiment, indicated the repro
Page 127 and 128: Recommendations 1. Limnodrilus hoff
Page 129 and 130: Anderson, J. W., J. M. Neff, B. A.
Page 131 and 132: Bender, M. E. and R. J. Huggett. 19
Page 133 and 134: Broman, D., A. Colmjo and C. Naf. 1
Page 135 and 136: Collado, R. and R. M. Schmelz. 2001
Page 137 and 138: Driscoll, K. S. B. and A. E. McElro
Page 139 and 140: Fromm, P. O. and R. C. Hunter. 1969
Page 141 and 142: Harrel, R. and S. T. Smith. 2002. M
Page 143 and 144: James, M. O. 1989. Biotransformatio
Page 145: Khan, A. N., D. Kamal, M. M. Mahmud
Page 149 and 150: Lotufo, G. R. 1998. Lethal and subl
Page 151 and 152: McElroy, A. E., B. W. Tripp, J. W.
Page 153 and 154: Neff, J. M. 1979. Polycyclic Aromat
Page 155 and 156: Pearson, W. H. and B. L. Olla. 1980
Page 157 and 158: 143 Reichert, W. L., B-T. LeEberhar
Page 159 and 160: Sarin, C. 1994. Distribution of Ali
Page 161 and 162: Suedel, B. C., J. A. Boraczek, R. K
Page 163 and 164: Watanabe, K. H., H. Lin, H. L. Bart
Page 165 and 166: Yoshioka, Y and Y. Ose. 1993. A qua
Page 167 and 168: Appendix A Methods of Preparation a
Page 169 and 170: Dilution of Spiked Sediment 155 The
Page 171 and 172: Naphthalene Standard Calibration Cu
Page 173 and 174: Appendix Figure A2 HPLC chromatogra
Page 175 and 176: Calculation of Naphthalene Concentr
Page 177 and 178: Appendix Table B1 Characteristics o
Page 179 and 180: Appendix Table B5 Length-class of L
Page 181 and 182: Appendix Table B7 Length-class of L
Page 183 and 184: Appendix Table B10 Acute toxicity o
Page 185 and 186: Appendix Table B12 Sublethal toxici
Page 187 and 188: Appendix Table B13 (Continued) Dura
Page 189 and 190: Appendix Table B15 Naphthalene in t
Page 191 and 192: 177 Appendix Table B17 Naphthalene
Page 193 and 194: 179 Appendix Table B18 Naphthalene
Page 195 and 196: Appendix C Data Analysis 181
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Appendix Table C3 Two-factor ANOVA
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Probit Analysis of Mortality Equati
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Probit Analysis of Autotomy Equatio
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Probit Analysis of Sediment Avoidan
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