THESIS APPROVAL

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transferred through the diet. Rotifers Brachionis plicatilis bioaccumulated naphthalene and phenanthrene in their tissues after fed algae Isochrysis galbana cultured in such contaminants -dosed water (Wolfe et al., 1996, 1998, 1999). Similarly, Wolfe et al. (2001) reported that naphthalene was uptaken by larva topsmelt Atherinops affinis via trophic transfer by eating this rotifer population during the exposure. Likewise, clams Mercenaria mercenaria fed diatoms Thalassiosira pseudomana cultured in benzo (a) pyrene-spiked water bioaccumulated that PAH in their tissues (Dobroski and Epifano, 1980). Based on these evidences, it was concluded that the difference observed in tissue PAH distributions between the two species could result from different trophic levels, different diet, and also different bioavailability of the compound as well (Baumard et al., 1998). 108 Biotransformation capacities of fish had shown a greater impact on bioaccumulation and biomagnification of PAHs via a trophic transfer (Baumard et al., 1998). As a detoxification mechanism, MFO enzymes, with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system, play a major role in the metabolism and activation of PAHs to convert lipophilic contaminants into water soluble forms, which can then be more readily excreted (Lee et al., 1972b; Djomo et al., 1996). Several studies reported that many species of fish have a MFO enzyme, such as mosquito fish Gambusia affinis (Chamber, 1979), killi fish Fundulus heteroclitus (Stegeman, 1979) and rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Stegeman and Chevion, 1980), which parent compounds are broken down to metabolite that are ultimately excreted in the bile (Howard, 1989; Varanasi et al., 1989; Hellou et al., 1999; Klumpp et al., 2002). Opposite with invertebrates, biotransformation of PAHs naturally occurs at slower rate due to lower concentration of cytochrome P450 (Jame, 1989; D’Adamo et al., 1997; James and Boyle, 1998; Lee, 1998). According to these evidences, it could be exhibited from this study that the gradual decrease of naphthalene in the muscle tissue during the exposure may be the result of induced biotransformation enzymes, and subsequent elimination via the bile of the Tilapia. This is also agreed with the work of Anderson (1979), James (1989), Burkhard et al. (1994) and D’Adamo et al. (1997). In addition, it may be indicated higher residue of naphthalene bioaccumulated by those invertebrates stated before
(Dobroski and Epifano, 1980; Wolfe et al., 1996, 1998, 1999) due to the less metabolism compared to the fingerling in the present study. It could be summarized from this study that although naphthalene bioconcentrated to a moderated degree for brief periods in L. hoffmeisteri, it will not efficiently transferred from one trophic level to the next via consuming by Oreochromis niloticus fingerling. Hence, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of naphthalene in this aquatic model food chain is not expected to occur. 109
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THESIS APPROVAL GRADUATE SCHOOL, KA
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Warucha Kanchana-Aksorn 2009: Use o
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CON
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Pa
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Appendix
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Aquat
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Appendi
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USE OF FRESHWATER OLIGOCHAETE (LIMN
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At this stage, laboratory study on
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LITERATURE REVIEW Methodology of To
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through development, such as hatchi
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ange of 0.15-1.5 is thus expected p
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on microcustaceans, insect larvae a
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Figure 4 Budding in oligochaete sho
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Thalassodrilus, Clitellio, Adelodri
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Figure 7 Tail protrusion and swayin
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Figure 8 Chemical structures of six
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oil and asphalt may contain several
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several PAHs in water and sediment,
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5. Transformation by Microorganisms
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et al., 2005), while in shore crabs
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7. Toxic Effects in Aquatic Organis
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Table 6 (Continued) PAHs Species LC
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their exposure to digestive fluids
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during the sediment aging process,
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Changes in bottom sediment in the l
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1. Instruments MATERIALS AND METHOD
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the technique of mitochondrial 16s
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2. Investigation on the Morphologic
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and no worms placed to the sediment
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3.4 Data Analysis All values were r
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Table 9). Spiked sediment was subsa
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Sediment avoidance in ij = (Σ anim
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3) Test Conditions The bioaccumulat
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uptake of naphthalene into fish, an
Page 71 and 72: 4) Exposure Study Trophic transfer
Page 73 and 74: performed with 20 ml extraction flu
Page 75 and 76: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results 1. B
Page 77 and 78: Figure 13 Morphological features of
Page 79 and 80: Living style of L. hoffmeisteri was
Page 81 and 82: Figure 17 Feeding behavior of L. ho
Page 83 and 84: worms in this old class whereas a l
Page 85 and 86: No. of ind No. of ind No. of ind No
Page 87 and 88: Figure 23 Adult worm (3.0-3.5 cm) i
Page 89 and 90: 3.4 Relationship between Oligochaet
Page 91 and 92: Table 14 Lethal and sublethal effec
Page 93 and 94: Figure 29 Mortality of L. hoffmeist
Page 95 and 96: ioaccumulation test, respectively (
Page 97 and 98: Concentration (ug/g dwt) 2000 1500
Page 99 and 100: analysis from two-factor ANOVA show
Page 101 and 102: sediment particles and accumulated
Page 103 and 104: undulatory swimming. Also, the peri
Page 105 and 106: The existence of L. hoffmeisteri in
Page 107 and 108: Lumbriculus variegatus ceased at le
Page 109 and 110: low level of DO had thoroughly occu
Page 111 and 112: in water, and thus is available for
Page 113 and 114: (1988) who investigated subacute re
Page 115 and 116: pollutants in aquatic ecosystems (M
Page 117 and 118: et al., 1994b), in dosed sediments
Page 119 and 120: (1997) said that naphthalene is mod
Page 121: 107 various studies showed that fis
Page 125 and 126: 111 experiment, indicated the repro
Page 127 and 128: Recommendations 1. Limnodrilus hoff
Page 129 and 130: Anderson, J. W., J. M. Neff, B. A.
Page 131 and 132: Bender, M. E. and R. J. Huggett. 19
Page 133 and 134: Broman, D., A. Colmjo and C. Naf. 1
Page 135 and 136: Collado, R. and R. M. Schmelz. 2001
Page 137 and 138: Driscoll, K. S. B. and A. E. McElro
Page 139 and 140: Fromm, P. O. and R. C. Hunter. 1969
Page 141 and 142: Harrel, R. and S. T. Smith. 2002. M
Page 143 and 144: James, M. O. 1989. Biotransformatio
Page 145 and 146: Khan, A. N., D. Kamal, M. M. Mahmud
Page 147 and 148: Lee, H. 1992. Models, muddles and m
Page 149 and 150: Lotufo, G. R. 1998. Lethal and subl
Page 151 and 152: McElroy, A. E., B. W. Tripp, J. W.
Page 153 and 154: Neff, J. M. 1979. Polycyclic Aromat
Page 155 and 156: Pearson, W. H. and B. L. Olla. 1980
Page 157 and 158: 143 Reichert, W. L., B-T. LeEberhar
Page 159 and 160: Sarin, C. 1994. Distribution of Ali
Page 161 and 162: Suedel, B. C., J. A. Boraczek, R. K
Page 163 and 164: Watanabe, K. H., H. Lin, H. L. Bart
Page 165 and 166: Yoshioka, Y and Y. Ose. 1993. A qua
Page 167 and 168: Appendix A Methods of Preparation a
Page 169 and 170: Dilution of Spiked Sediment 155 The
Page 171 and 172: Naphthalene Standard Calibration Cu
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Appendix Figure A2 HPLC chromatogra
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Calculation of Naphthalene Concentr
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Appendix Table B1 Characteristics o
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Appendix Table B5 Length-class of L
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Appendix Table B7 Length-class of L
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Appendix Table B10 Acute toxicity o
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Appendix Table B12 Sublethal toxici
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Appendix Table B13 (Continued) Dura
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Appendix Table B15 Naphthalene in t
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177 Appendix Table B17 Naphthalene
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179 Appendix Table B18 Naphthalene
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Appendix C Data Analysis 181
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Appendix Table C3 Two-factor ANOVA
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Probit Analysis of Mortality Equati
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Probit Analysis of Autotomy Equatio
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Probit Analysis of Sediment Avoidan
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