THESIS APPROVAL

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naphthalene have received considerable attention for water-column which the statistical values were reported as mg/l or µg/l, such as the work of Barron et al. (1999), Landrum et al. (2003) and Vijayavel and Balasubramanian (2006a, 2006b). The 72 and 96 h LC50 values from this study were 85.11 and 60.26 µg/g wwt. Although aquatic oligochaete are commonly used in several sediment quality assessments (e.g., Kukkonen and Landrum, 1994; Weinstein et al., 2003), lack of studies have been conducted in toxicity test using naphthalene spiked sediment exposures with these organisms. Due to these limitations, it is difficult to determine how much it was for the toxicity of sediment-associated naphthalene on these animals and other benthic invertebrates. However, a few data revealed toxicokinetics of naphthalene in sediment using some aquatic species has been reported, such as zebra fish Brachydamio rerio (Djomo et al., 1996) and mollusk Corbicula fluminea (Narbonne et al., 1999). The results of this experiment give the first information on tolerance of L. hoffmeisteri to naphthalene for using as a sediment bioassay. It is also suggested that more laboratories attributed to the toxic effect of naphthalene need to be done to better assess the condition and suitability of the oligochaete worms used in sediment toxicity testing. The LC50 values of naphthalene obtained in this study may be compared with those of other PAHs (Table 17). The results presented here are different from those of previous studies. In the present study, L. hoffmeisteri had a 96 h LC50 of 60.26 µg/g wwt. This is considerably lower than LC50 values for the other aquatic oligochaetes. For example, Weinstein et al. (2003) reported no mortality in the estuarine water tubificid oligochaete Monopylephorus rubroniveus to fluoranthene sediment concentrations as high as >191,765 µg/goc dwt following 10 d of exposure. Similarly, the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus had a 7 d LC50 value of >226 µg/g wwt to sediment-associated pyrene (Kukkonen and Landrum, 1994). These values indicate that naphthalene is more toxic than other PAHs. It was presumed that the cause of high acute effects of naphthalene on aquatic invertebrates is based on its low molecular weight and high hydrophilicity (Vijayavel and Balasubramanian, 2006a). Due to its characteristics, naphthalene is commonly native 96
in water, and thus is available for the uptake by organisms. Anderson et al. (1974) supported that middle distillates were extremely toxic to the exposed aquatic animal because of higher concentrations of two- and three-ring aromatics. Although these results suggest that naphthalene was highly toxic to aquatic organisms in sediment exposure, less toxicity of this chemical correlated with other PAHs was presented. Geyer et al. (1981) reported that aromatic hydrocarbons compounds with low solubility were more toxic than compound with high solubility. Karcher et al. (1988) indicated that naphthalene was the least toxic due to its lowest coefficient of volatilization and may be rapidly volatilized. Moreover, it was found that the low adsorption rates of naphthalene in sediment, compared with anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo (a) pyrene, were a factor affecting the decrease of PAHs bioavailability for zebra fish Brachydamio rerio (Djomo et al., 1996) and for mollusk Corbicula fluminea (Narbonne et al., 1999). Our results from this study could not be compared with these authors due to emphasized on specific naphthalene. Certainly, comparative sediment toxicity study among various PAHs including naphthalene on aquatic oligochaetes are areas worthy of further investigation. Table 17 LC50 values of PAHs in sediments determined in some aquatic oligochaetes. PAHs Test organism Duration LC50 Refernece Pyrene L. variegatus 7 d >226 µg/g wwt 97 Kukkonen and Landrum (1994) Fluoranthene M. rubroniveus 10 d >191,765 * Weinstein et al. (2003) Naphthalene L. hoffmeisteri 96 h 60.26 µg/g wwt This study Note: * µg/goc dwt 4.2 Sublethal Toxicity The results from microscope examination revealed that naphthalene induced autotomy of the caudal region of L. hoffmeisteri with the threshold level of 25
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THESIS APPROVAL GRADUATE SCHOOL, KA
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Warucha Kanchana-Aksorn 2009: Use o
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CON
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Pa
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Appendix
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Aquat
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Appendi
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USE OF FRESHWATER OLIGOCHAETE (LIMN
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At this stage, laboratory study on
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LITERATURE REVIEW Methodology of To
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through development, such as hatchi
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ange of 0.15-1.5 is thus expected p
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on microcustaceans, insect larvae a
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Figure 4 Budding in oligochaete sho
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Thalassodrilus, Clitellio, Adelodri
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Figure 7 Tail protrusion and swayin
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Figure 8 Chemical structures of six
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oil and asphalt may contain several
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several PAHs in water and sediment,
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5. Transformation by Microorganisms
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et al., 2005), while in shore crabs
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7. Toxic Effects in Aquatic Organis
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Table 6 (Continued) PAHs Species LC
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their exposure to digestive fluids
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during the sediment aging process,
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Changes in bottom sediment in the l
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1. Instruments MATERIALS AND METHOD
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the technique of mitochondrial 16s
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2. Investigation on the Morphologic
Page 59 and 60: and no worms placed to the sediment
Page 61 and 62: 3.4 Data Analysis All values were r
Page 63 and 64: Table 9). Spiked sediment was subsa
Page 65 and 66: Sediment avoidance in ij = (Σ anim
Page 67 and 68: 3) Test Conditions The bioaccumulat
Page 69 and 70: uptake of naphthalene into fish, an
Page 71 and 72: 4) Exposure Study Trophic transfer
Page 73 and 74: performed with 20 ml extraction flu
Page 75 and 76: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results 1. B
Page 77 and 78: Figure 13 Morphological features of
Page 79 and 80: Living style of L. hoffmeisteri was
Page 81 and 82: Figure 17 Feeding behavior of L. ho
Page 83 and 84: worms in this old class whereas a l
Page 85 and 86: No. of ind No. of ind No. of ind No
Page 87 and 88: Figure 23 Adult worm (3.0-3.5 cm) i
Page 89 and 90: 3.4 Relationship between Oligochaet
Page 91 and 92: Table 14 Lethal and sublethal effec
Page 93 and 94: Figure 29 Mortality of L. hoffmeist
Page 95 and 96: ioaccumulation test, respectively (
Page 97 and 98: Concentration (ug/g dwt) 2000 1500
Page 99 and 100: analysis from two-factor ANOVA show
Page 101 and 102: sediment particles and accumulated
Page 103 and 104: undulatory swimming. Also, the peri
Page 105 and 106: The existence of L. hoffmeisteri in
Page 107 and 108: Lumbriculus variegatus ceased at le
Page 109: low level of DO had thoroughly occu
Page 113 and 114: (1988) who investigated subacute re
Page 115 and 116: pollutants in aquatic ecosystems (M
Page 117 and 118: et al., 1994b), in dosed sediments
Page 119 and 120: (1997) said that naphthalene is mod
Page 121 and 122: 107 various studies showed that fis
Page 123 and 124: (Dobroski and Epifano, 1980; Wolfe
Page 125 and 126: 111 experiment, indicated the repro
Page 127 and 128: Recommendations 1. Limnodrilus hoff
Page 129 and 130: Anderson, J. W., J. M. Neff, B. A.
Page 131 and 132: Bender, M. E. and R. J. Huggett. 19
Page 133 and 134: Broman, D., A. Colmjo and C. Naf. 1
Page 135 and 136: Collado, R. and R. M. Schmelz. 2001
Page 137 and 138: Driscoll, K. S. B. and A. E. McElro
Page 139 and 140: Fromm, P. O. and R. C. Hunter. 1969
Page 141 and 142: Harrel, R. and S. T. Smith. 2002. M
Page 143 and 144: James, M. O. 1989. Biotransformatio
Page 145 and 146: Khan, A. N., D. Kamal, M. M. Mahmud
Page 147 and 148: Lee, H. 1992. Models, muddles and m
Page 149 and 150: Lotufo, G. R. 1998. Lethal and subl
Page 151 and 152: McElroy, A. E., B. W. Tripp, J. W.
Page 153 and 154: Neff, J. M. 1979. Polycyclic Aromat
Page 155 and 156: Pearson, W. H. and B. L. Olla. 1980
Page 157 and 158: 143 Reichert, W. L., B-T. LeEberhar
Page 159 and 160: Sarin, C. 1994. Distribution of Ali
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Suedel, B. C., J. A. Boraczek, R. K
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Watanabe, K. H., H. Lin, H. L. Bart
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Yoshioka, Y and Y. Ose. 1993. A qua
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Appendix A Methods of Preparation a
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Dilution of Spiked Sediment 155 The
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Naphthalene Standard Calibration Cu
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Appendix Figure A2 HPLC chromatogra
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Calculation of Naphthalene Concentr
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Appendix Table B1 Characteristics o
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Appendix Table B5 Length-class of L
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Appendix Table B7 Length-class of L
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Appendix Table B10 Acute toxicity o
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Appendix Table B12 Sublethal toxici
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Appendix Table B13 (Continued) Dura
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Appendix Table B15 Naphthalene in t
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177 Appendix Table B17 Naphthalene
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179 Appendix Table B18 Naphthalene
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Appendix C Data Analysis 181
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Appendix Table C3 Two-factor ANOVA
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Probit Analysis of Mortality Equati
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Probit Analysis of Autotomy Equatio
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Probit Analysis of Sediment Avoidan
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THESIS APPROVAL

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