THESIS APPROVAL

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study. However, it might be assumed that new offspring of L. hoffmeisteri may be produced due to the completion of their life cycle reaching. Ongoing studies investigating the life cycle and production of L. hoffmeisteri in Chao Phraya estuary is warranted. Number of individual and weight of the worms were more increased in E-WH than in E-WL since more level of food was input to the sediment. These results suggest that the quantity of food addition strongly influenced growth and reproduction of L. hoffmeisteri. Because this oligochaete species can thrive on soft sediments rich in organic matter, dense colony of L. hoffmeisteri could feed on available organic material assimilated in the sediment (Collado and Schmelz, 2001). Martin et al. (1999) stated that the quantity of food is a factor affecting density and distribution of aquatic oligochaetes. It was also supported by the work of Leppanen and Kukkonen (1998a) who found that the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus decreased reproduction in sandy sediment with low organic carbon content. Similar response in reproduction was observed also by Hickey and Martin (1995) between sandy and muddy New Zealand sediments, and Phipps et al. (1993) between sediments with low (1-2%) and high (8-10%) organic carbon content. However, abundant organic material was not immediately available for the growth and reproduction of L. hoffmeisteri in the first stage of this experiment although the same amount of food was added in the sediments. This suggestion was arisen from the decrease of number of individual and weight of the worms in both E-WL and E-WH around 14 d, followed by the appearance of specific growth in E-WH during 35 d from the start of the experiment. On the other hand, it could be said that weak animals may be died, while strong worms may lose weight and attend to reach sexual maturity and fecundity in the early stage (d 14). Subsequently, individual worm grew up and reproduced new offspring in the later period (d 35) of the experiment. These results agree with the data of White et al. (1987), in which the slowing of feeding of Stylodrilus heringianus was connected with reproductive behavior, and Leppanen and Kukkonen (1997), in which the ingestion of 92
Lumbriculus variegatus ceased at least two days before fragmentation. The size group of L. hoffmeisteri established from the experiment was separated into four categories based on length measurement, consisted of big and long adult worms (3.0-3.5 cm), two sizes of immature worms (2.0-2.5 and 1.0-1.5 cm) and small newly hatched worms (0.3-0.5 cm). The index of size observation in this study is in contrast to previous study concerning the determination of this worm species by using the width of the ninth segment which contains the penis tube (Raburu et al., 2002). However, by the same author, length measurement was used to group another freshwater oligochaete, Branchiura sowerbyi. The method of classification using length-frequency was adopted since there was no sign of sexual maturity and evidence of any cocoon appearing in individuals. Furthermore, truly distinction of immature, breeding and mature worms was so difficult in this study. Ladle (1971) found that immature and breeding worms are not easy to distinguish either by chaetal characteristics and the presence of spermatophores. Classification of L. hoffmeisteri is further complicated by the fact that sexually mature worms resorb the penis tube after reproduction (Kennedy, 1966; Ladle, 1971; Aston, 1973; Poddubnaya, 1980) and revert to an immature condition which cannot be differentiate from a juvenile worm. From this reason, the size group of L. hoffmeisteri from this study was then established only by grouping the worms into four categories as stated in the results. 3.2 Biological Activities In E-WH, the accumulation of TOM of the sediment had been observed around 28 d, followed by the decline of organic matter occurring between d 35 and d 42 of the experiment with an increasing of L. hoffmeisteri colonies. These results indicated that such an increase in number of individual and weight of worms had enhanced the decrease of TOM in the sediment. The number of individual and weight of the worms increased due to individual growth and reproduction. In addition, these worms provide an affect to sediment geochemical processes via bioturbation (Rice and Rhoads, 1989). Bioturbation is the process of sediment mixing by benthic animals (Gage and Tyler, 1991). Oligochaetes are assumed to have a significant 93
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THESIS APPROVAL GRADUATE SCHOOL, KA
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Warucha Kanchana-Aksorn 2009: Use o
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CON
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Pa
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Appendix
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Aquat
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Appendi
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USE OF FRESHWATER OLIGOCHAETE (LIMN
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At this stage, laboratory study on
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LITERATURE REVIEW Methodology of To
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through development, such as hatchi
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ange of 0.15-1.5 is thus expected p
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on microcustaceans, insect larvae a
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Figure 4 Budding in oligochaete sho
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Thalassodrilus, Clitellio, Adelodri
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Figure 7 Tail protrusion and swayin
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Figure 8 Chemical structures of six
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oil and asphalt may contain several
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several PAHs in water and sediment,
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5. Transformation by Microorganisms
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et al., 2005), while in shore crabs
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7. Toxic Effects in Aquatic Organis
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Table 6 (Continued) PAHs Species LC
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their exposure to digestive fluids
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during the sediment aging process,
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Changes in bottom sediment in the l
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1. Instruments MATERIALS AND METHOD
Page 55 and 56: the technique of mitochondrial 16s
Page 57 and 58: 2. Investigation on the Morphologic
Page 59 and 60: and no worms placed to the sediment
Page 61 and 62: 3.4 Data Analysis All values were r
Page 63 and 64: Table 9). Spiked sediment was subsa
Page 65 and 66: Sediment avoidance in ij = (Σ anim
Page 67 and 68: 3) Test Conditions The bioaccumulat
Page 69 and 70: uptake of naphthalene into fish, an
Page 71 and 72: 4) Exposure Study Trophic transfer
Page 73 and 74: performed with 20 ml extraction flu
Page 75 and 76: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results 1. B
Page 77 and 78: Figure 13 Morphological features of
Page 79 and 80: Living style of L. hoffmeisteri was
Page 81 and 82: Figure 17 Feeding behavior of L. ho
Page 83 and 84: worms in this old class whereas a l
Page 85 and 86: No. of ind No. of ind No. of ind No
Page 87 and 88: Figure 23 Adult worm (3.0-3.5 cm) i
Page 89 and 90: 3.4 Relationship between Oligochaet
Page 91 and 92: Table 14 Lethal and sublethal effec
Page 93 and 94: Figure 29 Mortality of L. hoffmeist
Page 95 and 96: ioaccumulation test, respectively (
Page 97 and 98: Concentration (ug/g dwt) 2000 1500
Page 99 and 100: analysis from two-factor ANOVA show
Page 101 and 102: sediment particles and accumulated
Page 103 and 104: undulatory swimming. Also, the peri
Page 105: The existence of L. hoffmeisteri in
Page 109 and 110: low level of DO had thoroughly occu
Page 111 and 112: in water, and thus is available for
Page 113 and 114: (1988) who investigated subacute re
Page 115 and 116: pollutants in aquatic ecosystems (M
Page 117 and 118: et al., 1994b), in dosed sediments
Page 119 and 120: (1997) said that naphthalene is mod
Page 121 and 122: 107 various studies showed that fis
Page 123 and 124: (Dobroski and Epifano, 1980; Wolfe
Page 125 and 126: 111 experiment, indicated the repro
Page 127 and 128: Recommendations 1. Limnodrilus hoff
Page 129 and 130: Anderson, J. W., J. M. Neff, B. A.
Page 131 and 132: Bender, M. E. and R. J. Huggett. 19
Page 133 and 134: Broman, D., A. Colmjo and C. Naf. 1
Page 135 and 136: Collado, R. and R. M. Schmelz. 2001
Page 137 and 138: Driscoll, K. S. B. and A. E. McElro
Page 139 and 140: Fromm, P. O. and R. C. Hunter. 1969
Page 141 and 142: Harrel, R. and S. T. Smith. 2002. M
Page 143 and 144: James, M. O. 1989. Biotransformatio
Page 145 and 146: Khan, A. N., D. Kamal, M. M. Mahmud
Page 147 and 148: Lee, H. 1992. Models, muddles and m
Page 149 and 150: Lotufo, G. R. 1998. Lethal and subl
Page 151 and 152: McElroy, A. E., B. W. Tripp, J. W.
Page 153 and 154: Neff, J. M. 1979. Polycyclic Aromat
Page 155 and 156: Pearson, W. H. and B. L. Olla. 1980
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143 Reichert, W. L., B-T. LeEberhar
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Sarin, C. 1994. Distribution of Ali
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Suedel, B. C., J. A. Boraczek, R. K
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Watanabe, K. H., H. Lin, H. L. Bart
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Yoshioka, Y and Y. Ose. 1993. A qua
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Appendix A Methods of Preparation a
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Dilution of Spiked Sediment 155 The
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Naphthalene Standard Calibration Cu
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Appendix Figure A2 HPLC chromatogra
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Calculation of Naphthalene Concentr
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Appendix Table B1 Characteristics o
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Appendix Table B5 Length-class of L
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Appendix Table B7 Length-class of L
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Appendix Table B10 Acute toxicity o
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Appendix Table B12 Sublethal toxici
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Appendix Table B13 (Continued) Dura
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Appendix Table B15 Naphthalene in t
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177 Appendix Table B17 Naphthalene
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179 Appendix Table B18 Naphthalene
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Appendix C Data Analysis 181
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Appendix Table C3 Two-factor ANOVA
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Page 201 and 202:
Probit Analysis of Mortality Equati
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Probit Analysis of Autotomy Equatio
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Probit Analysis of Sediment Avoidan
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