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7.2 Method determination 205 Reducing sugar content of starch hydrolysis samples was determined by the Park and Johnson method, according to Hizukuri (1995). Reducing sugar for the native starches, debranched products and RS III sample were purified and destructured by dissolving in DMSO prior dilution. In sample tubes, the sample tested was completely solution and contained 0 – 5 µg/ml by dilution. Duplicate 1.0 ml of starch solution/ standard glucose/ blank were pipette into test tube. An aliquot of 1.0 ml samples/ blank/ standard with 0.5 ml of ferriccyanide reagent and 0.5 ml of NaCO3 –NaHCO3-KCN reagent were heated in a boiling water for 15 min. This solution was quickly cooled for 10 min, and 2.50 ml of ferric ammonium sulphate reagent were then added and mixed well. After 20 min incubation at room temperature, the absorbance of the colored solution was measured at 715 nm. The absorbance of the samples / standard/ blank were measured using a spectrophotometer (Model UV-160 A, Shimadzu, Japan) with a path length of 10 nm quartz cuvette cell. The reducing sugar content was calculated by comparison to a glucose standard curve (Appendix Figure A3) by using equation: Reducing sugar (µg/ml) = Absorbance of sample × Dilution O.D. (715 nm ) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 y = 0.104x + 0.003 R 2 = 0.999 Slope 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gulcose Concentration (ug/ml) Appendix Figure A 3 Standard curve for reducing sugar determination
8. Resistant starch determination by AOAC Method 8.1 Apparatus and reagent 8.1.1 Spectrophotometer 8.1.2 Boiling bath and ice bath 8.1.3 Bench centrifuge 8.1.4 Shaking water bath 8.1.5 Balance with digital 8.1.6 Vortex mixer 8.1.7 Magnetic stirrer 8.1.8 pH Meter 8.1.9 Stop-clock 8.1.10 Spectrophotometer 8.1.11 Cuvettes tubes for spectrophotometer 8.1.12 Glassware (Erlenmeryer flask, volumetric flasks, test tube) 8.1.13 Mechanical, adjustable volume pipettor (100 µl) with tips 8.1.14 Sodium maleate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.0) 8.1.15 Sodium acetate buffer (1.2 M, pH 3.8) 8.1.16 Sodium acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.8) 8.1.17 Potassium Hydroxide (2 M) 8.1.18 Stock Amyloglucosidase solution 8.1.19 Pancreatic α- amylase 8.1.20 Glucose oxidase-peroxidase-aminoantipyrine reagent 206
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THESIS ENZYME-RESISTANT STARCH TYPE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Classif
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Pa
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Appendi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (Continued) R
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een used to produce a sample with l
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Overall objectives: OBJECTIVES 1. T
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However, it was discovered that a r
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Cassidy et al. (1994), in an intern
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fed both the 45 and 63g/100g rice s
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only about 3 g. The physiological b
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(Brown et al. 1995). This product,
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Figure 1 A detailed structure of th
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2.3 Chemical composition of rice st
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helix with only the ring oxygen poi
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Figure 5 Idealized diagram of the c
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2.5 Rice starch gelatinization Gela
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in excess water. The loss of birefr
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morphological changes occurring at
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amylose is the linear fraction of s
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units are known to inhibit retrogra
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(-1 to 43 o C) on concentrated star
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Figure 10 Schematic diagram showing
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ice due to the various cooking and
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Recently, there has been a flurry o
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3.1 Processing condition on improve
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of RS overall, 60%, among the three
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chains but liberates longer chains
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4.1 Amylolytic enzymes Three groups
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Structure and properties of β- amy
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Structure and properties: The pullu
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Action pattern: The amyloglucosidas
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methods, for instance in scanning e
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6. Low glycemic butter cake product
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Sugar increases cake volume by decr
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cereals, and baked potatoes. Low gl
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way to achieve a healthy food produ
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complexes. In the meantime, and inv
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would be only 2. In comparison, the
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ecause of an absolute decrease in t
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enhanced fat oxidation at the expen
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1. Raw Materials MATERIALS AND METH
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Methods 1. Production of resistant
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1.2.3 Degree of syneresis Degree of
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1.2.9 Starch hydrolysis rate and es
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1.3.3 Resistant starch content, sta
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2.1.1 Cake sample preparation Cake
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Nevertheless, the former refers to
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3. Experimental Design and Statisti
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essentially linear polymer of α-(1
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hydrolysis of the rice starch prehe
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a) b) Figure 15 Scanning electron m
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amylose content of starch had a har
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Degree of syneresis (%) 70.0 60.0 5
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1.2.7 Physicochemical properties of
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1.2.8 In vitro starch digestibility
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1.2.9 Hydrolysis index and glycemic
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Table 16 Effect of preheated treatm
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1.2.10 Crystallinity of RS III 108
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Figure 22 X-ray diffraction pattern
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content. The high correlation facto
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1.3.2 β-amylolysis (%) 114 β-amyl
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1.3.4 In vitro starch digestibility
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118 Non significant differences (P
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1.4.2 Degree of hydrolysis 120 The
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2 An application of resistant starc
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sucrose or maltose are reducing suc
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126 The different effect of HFCS on
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2.1.2 Sensory evaluation of HFCS re
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and objective percent moisture gene
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132 In the dietetic cake mix of Cor
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3) In vitro starch digestibility 13
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Table 23 Percentage (dwb) of starch
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al. (2006) reported that when gluco
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140 volume, crust and crumb color o
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(P
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2.2.2 Sensory evaluation of RS III
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3) Flavor score 146 Flavor is the m
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2.2.3 Chemical composition of RS II
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Table 27 Mean values for chemical c
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Table 28 Percentage (dwb) of starch
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Page 171 and 172: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 156
Page 173 and 174: 158 syneresis of retrograded starch
Page 175 and 176: LITERATURE CITED Abe, J.I., K. Naka
Page 177 and 178: Biliaderis, C.G. and J. Zawastowski
Page 179 and 180: Cheng, H.H. and M.H. Lai. 2000. Fer
Page 181 and 182: Elgun, A. Z. Ertugay, M. Certel, an
Page 183 and 184: Fitt L.E. and E.M. Snyder. 1984. Ph
Page 185 and 186: Grandfeldt, A., C. Eliasson and I.
Page 187 and 188: Hoseney, R.C. 1990. Principles of C
Page 189 and 190: Juliano, B.O. and M.S. Goddard. 198
Page 191 and 192: Lavin, M., E. Eshbaugh, J.-M. Hu, S
Page 193 and 194: Ludwig, D.S. and R.H. Eckel. 2002.
Page 195 and 196: Meilgaard, M., Civille, O.V., and C
Page 197 and 198: Nakazawa, F., S. Noguchi, J.Takahas
Page 199 and 200: Piyarat, N. 2003. The assessment of
Page 201 and 202: Schoch, T. J. 1969. Non-carbohydrat
Page 203 and 204: Srinivasa Rao, P. 1970. Studies on
Page 205 and 206: Towar, J., C. Melito, E. Herrera, A
Page 207 and 208: Yuan, R.C. and D.B. Thompson. 1998.
Page 209 and 210: Appendix A Chemical analysis proced
Page 211 and 212: 2.2 Method determination 196 Total
Page 213 and 214: source and detach the extractor and
Page 215 and 216: 5.3 Procedure for Preparation for S
Page 217 and 218: 1) Standard curve procedure 202 Usi
Page 219: 7. Reducing sugar determination by
Page 223 and 224: 8.2.3 Measurement of resistant star
Page 225 and 226: lank. starch. 210 3. Measure the ab
Page 227 and 228: Appendix B Physical analysis proced
Page 229 and 230: 2. X Ray Diffraction Measurement 2.
Page 231 and 232: Appendix C Picture of some experime
Page 233 and 234: Heated debranched samples Cooled de
Page 235 and 236: Appendix Figure C4 Visuals appearan
Page 237 and 238: 1. Introduction 222 There are sever
Page 239 and 240: Appendix E Experimental data 224
Page 241 and 242: Appendix Table E3 X-ray diffraction
Page 243 and 244: Appendix F List of publications 228
Page 245 and 246: 230
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Page 251 and 252: 236
Page 253 and 254: 238
Page 255 and 256: 240
Page 257 and 258: 242
Page 259 and 260: 244
Page 261 and 262: 246
Page 263: NAME : Miss Jirapa Pongjanta BIRTH
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