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Ring, S.G., P.D. Colonna, K.J. Annson, M.J. Kalichevsk, M.J.. Miles, V.J. Morris and P.D. Orford. 1987. The gelation and crystallization of amylopectin. Carbohydr. Res. 162: 277-293. Ronald E. H. and W.T. Martin. 1992. Starch hydrolyzing enzymes,pp 65- 85. In Rochard J.A. and Henry F. Z.. Developments in Carbohydrate Chemistry. The American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Ronda, H.G., R.N. Edgerton and A Elizabeth. 2005. Reducing pediatric medication errors: children are especially at risk for medication errors. Am. J. of Nurs. 105(5): 79-84 Rosin, P. M., F. M. Lajolo and E.W. Menezes. 2002. Measurement and characterization of dietary starches. J. of Food Comp. and Anal. 15:367-377. Russell, P.L. 1983. A kinetic study of bread staling by DSC and compressibility measurements. The effect of added monoglycerides. J. Cereal Sci. 1:297-303. Sagum, R. 2000. Effect of domestic processing methods on the starch, non-starch polysaccharides and in vitro starch and protein digestibility of three varieties of rice with varying levels of amylose. Food Chem. 70: 107-111. Sahi, S.S. and J.M. Alava. 2003. Functionality of emulsifiers in sponge cake production, J. of the Sci. of Food and Agri. 83: 1419–1429. Sander, E.B., D.B. Thompson and C.D.Boyer. 1990. Thermal behavior during gelatinization and amylopectin fine structure for selected maize genotype as expressed in four inbred lines. Cereal Chem. 67: 594-602. Saura-Calixto, F., I. Gońi, L.Bravo and E. Mañas. 1993. Resistant starch in foods: modified method for dietary fiber residues. J. Food Sci 58 (3): 642-643. 185
Schoch, T. J. 1969. Non-carbohydrate substances in the cereal starches. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64: 2954–2959. Seib, Y.C.,and K.S. Woo. 1999. Food grade starch resistant to alpha- amylase and method of preparing the same. U.S. patent. 5: 855 - 946. Shamai, K., H. Bianco-Peled and E. Shimoni. (2003). Polymorphism of resistant starch type III. Carbohydr. Polymer. 54: 363-369. Shi Y.C. and P.A. Seib. 1992. The structure of four waxy starches related to gelatinization and retrogradation. Carbohydr. Res. 227: 131-145. ______, Y.C. and P.A. Seib. 1995. Fine structure of maize starches from four wx- containing genotypes of the W64A inbred line in relation to gelatinization and retrogradation. Carbohydr. Polemer. 26(2): 141-147. ______, and Trzasko, P.T. 1997. Process for producing amylase resistant granular starch. U.S. patent. 5: 593 - 503. Sievert, D. and Y. Pomeranz. 1989. Enzyme-resistant starch. I. characterization and evaluation of enzymatic, thermoanalytical, and microscopic methods. Cereal Chem. 66 (4): 342-347. ______, Z. Czuchajowska and Y. Pomeranz. 1991. Enzyme-resistant starch. III. X-raydiffraction of autoclaved amylomaize VII starch and enzyme-resistant starch residues. Cereal Chem. 68 (1), 86-91. Siljeström, M., A. C. Eliasson and I. Björck. 1989. Characterization of resistant starch from autoclaved wheat starch. Starch/ Stärke. 41 (4): 147-151. 186
Page 1:
THESIS ENZYME-RESISTANT STARCH TYPE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Classif
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Pa
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Appendi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (Continued) R
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een used to produce a sample with l
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Overall objectives: OBJECTIVES 1. T
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However, it was discovered that a r
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Cassidy et al. (1994), in an intern
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fed both the 45 and 63g/100g rice s
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only about 3 g. The physiological b
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(Brown et al. 1995). This product,
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Figure 1 A detailed structure of th
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2.3 Chemical composition of rice st
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helix with only the ring oxygen poi
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Figure 5 Idealized diagram of the c
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2.5 Rice starch gelatinization Gela
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in excess water. The loss of birefr
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morphological changes occurring at
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amylose is the linear fraction of s
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units are known to inhibit retrogra
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(-1 to 43 o C) on concentrated star
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Figure 10 Schematic diagram showing
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ice due to the various cooking and
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Recently, there has been a flurry o
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3.1 Processing condition on improve
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of RS overall, 60%, among the three
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chains but liberates longer chains
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4.1 Amylolytic enzymes Three groups
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Structure and properties of β- amy
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Structure and properties: The pullu
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Action pattern: The amyloglucosidas
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methods, for instance in scanning e
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6. Low glycemic butter cake product
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Sugar increases cake volume by decr
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cereals, and baked potatoes. Low gl
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way to achieve a healthy food produ
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complexes. In the meantime, and inv
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would be only 2. In comparison, the
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ecause of an absolute decrease in t
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enhanced fat oxidation at the expen
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1. Raw Materials MATERIALS AND METH
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Methods 1. Production of resistant
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1.2.3 Degree of syneresis Degree of
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1.2.9 Starch hydrolysis rate and es
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1.3.3 Resistant starch content, sta
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2.1.1 Cake sample preparation Cake
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Nevertheless, the former refers to
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3. Experimental Design and Statisti
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essentially linear polymer of α-(1
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hydrolysis of the rice starch prehe
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a) b) Figure 15 Scanning electron m
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amylose content of starch had a har
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Degree of syneresis (%) 70.0 60.0 5
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1.2.7 Physicochemical properties of
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1.2.8 In vitro starch digestibility
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1.2.9 Hydrolysis index and glycemic
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Table 16 Effect of preheated treatm
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1.2.10 Crystallinity of RS III 108
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Figure 22 X-ray diffraction pattern
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content. The high correlation facto
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1.3.2 β-amylolysis (%) 114 β-amyl
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1.3.4 In vitro starch digestibility
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118 Non significant differences (P
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1.4.2 Degree of hydrolysis 120 The
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2 An application of resistant starc
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sucrose or maltose are reducing suc
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126 The different effect of HFCS on
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2.1.2 Sensory evaluation of HFCS re
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and objective percent moisture gene
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132 In the dietetic cake mix of Cor
Page 149 and 150: 3) In vitro starch digestibility 13
Page 151 and 152: Table 23 Percentage (dwb) of starch
Page 153 and 154: al. (2006) reported that when gluco
Page 155 and 156: 140 volume, crust and crumb color o
Page 157 and 158: (P
Page 159 and 160: 2.2.2 Sensory evaluation of RS III
Page 161 and 162: 3) Flavor score 146 Flavor is the m
Page 163 and 164: 2.2.3 Chemical composition of RS II
Page 165 and 166: Table 27 Mean values for chemical c
Page 167 and 168: Table 28 Percentage (dwb) of starch
Page 169 and 170: cake is lower in these samples than
Page 171 and 172: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 156
Page 173 and 174: 158 syneresis of retrograded starch
Page 175 and 176: LITERATURE CITED Abe, J.I., K. Naka
Page 177 and 178: Biliaderis, C.G. and J. Zawastowski
Page 179 and 180: Cheng, H.H. and M.H. Lai. 2000. Fer
Page 181 and 182: Elgun, A. Z. Ertugay, M. Certel, an
Page 183 and 184: Fitt L.E. and E.M. Snyder. 1984. Ph
Page 185 and 186: Grandfeldt, A., C. Eliasson and I.
Page 187 and 188: Hoseney, R.C. 1990. Principles of C
Page 189 and 190: Juliano, B.O. and M.S. Goddard. 198
Page 191 and 192: Lavin, M., E. Eshbaugh, J.-M. Hu, S
Page 193 and 194: Ludwig, D.S. and R.H. Eckel. 2002.
Page 195 and 196: Meilgaard, M., Civille, O.V., and C
Page 197 and 198: Nakazawa, F., S. Noguchi, J.Takahas
Page 199: Piyarat, N. 2003. The assessment of
Page 203 and 204: Srinivasa Rao, P. 1970. Studies on
Page 205 and 206: Towar, J., C. Melito, E. Herrera, A
Page 207 and 208: Yuan, R.C. and D.B. Thompson. 1998.
Page 209 and 210: Appendix A Chemical analysis proced
Page 211 and 212: 2.2 Method determination 196 Total
Page 213 and 214: source and detach the extractor and
Page 215 and 216: 5.3 Procedure for Preparation for S
Page 217 and 218: 1) Standard curve procedure 202 Usi
Page 219 and 220: 7. Reducing sugar determination by
Page 221 and 222: 8. Resistant starch determination b
Page 223 and 224: 8.2.3 Measurement of resistant star
Page 225 and 226: lank. starch. 210 3. Measure the ab
Page 227 and 228: Appendix B Physical analysis proced
Page 229 and 230: 2. X Ray Diffraction Measurement 2.
Page 231 and 232: Appendix C Picture of some experime
Page 233 and 234: Heated debranched samples Cooled de
Page 235 and 236: Appendix Figure C4 Visuals appearan
Page 237 and 238: 1. Introduction 222 There are sever
Page 239 and 240: Appendix E Experimental data 224
Page 241 and 242: Appendix Table E3 X-ray diffraction
Page 243 and 244: Appendix F List of publications 228
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NAME : Miss Jirapa Pongjanta BIRTH
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