Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008 - EU ...

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tries or source countries of migrants’ remittances to Russia in 2005 were Ukraine (USD 1,220 million), Kazakhstan (USD 461 million), Israel (USD 212 million), Belarus (USD 189 million), United States (USD 166 million), Uzbekistan (USD 111 million), and Germany (USD 78 million). Meanwhile, the key countries receiving remittances from Russia in 2005 were Armenia (USD 484 million), Azerbaijan (USD 432 million), Moldova (USD 340 million), Tadzhikistan (USD 268 million), Ukraine (USD 309 million), Belarus (USD 168 million), Georgia (USD 201 million), Kyrgyzstan (USD 138 million), and Kazakhstan (USD 122 million). 35 The World Bank figures do not include remittances from Russia to China and Uzbekistan. Citizens of these two countries occupy the first and third places, respectively, by the number of persons officially engaged in the economy of Russia (see Table 29). In 2006, Uzbekistan was the foremost recipient of remittances from Russia, estimated at more than one billion US dollars, 36 and this is expected to increase further in 2007. During the period January-September 2007, the remittances received by private persons in Russia were USD 1,193 billion based on CBR data. Remittances sent by physical persons from Russia amounted to USD 6,317 million (including USD 5,733 million sent to the CIS countries). The main recipient countries were Uzbekistan (USD 1,100 million), Tadzhikistan (USD 1,080 million), Ukraine (USD 925 million), Armenia (USD 629 million), Moldova (USD 536 million), Kyrgyzstan (USD 476 million), and Azerbaijan (USD 445 million). Individual transfers According to CBR data, the average amount of remittance transfers from the CIS countries show a steady increase during the last couple of years. In 2006, the average transfer rose to USD 511 from USD 457 in 2005, and further to USD 531 in the third quarter of 2007. The average amount of remittance transfer to Uzbekistan was USD 593; to Tadzhikistan, USD 541; to Ukraine, USD 445; and to Moldova, USD 558. According to experts at the CBR, the reason for the higher average amount of remittance transfer to Uzbekistan and Tadzhikistan compared with that in Ukraine is because the transfers to Uzbekistan and Tadzhikistan are consolidated transfers, meaning the money resources of several people are given to one authorized representative who transfer the remittances as a single amount. 37 35 Ibid. 36 Mukomel and Mkrtchyan (2008), Ibid. 37 http://www.cbr.ru/search/print.asp?File=/statistics/crossborder/cross-border_06.htm Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008
Several factors have contributed to the recent growth of individual amounts sent from Russia. First, the steady growth of wages in Russia (the average wage increased from 5,500 rubles in 2003 to 14,406 rubles in November 2007) has made larger transfers possible. Second, the strengthening of the ruble-dollar exchange rate (the ruble appreciated by 23% in 2003-2007) has made the dollar figure larger. Third, it is believed that the increased trust and confidence to the payment systems and the decrease in the amount of transfer commissions have contributed to the growth of the individual transfers. In 2006, the average commission charged to the client by the transfer systems for sending remittances abroad was 3.7 per cent of the transferred amount. Given the average transferred amount of between USD 500 and USD 600, the average commission was about USD 20. As illustrated in Figure 2, the commission has considerably decreased over the last few years. The greatest decrease was from USD 100 to USD 200. On average, the amount of commission decreased by 7 and 13 per cent in 2006, compared to 2005 and 2004, respectively. 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% Figure 2. Changes in average commission (for transactions from Russia via payment systems) 2% 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: http://www.cbr.ru/search/print.asp?File=/statistics/crossborder/cross-border_06.htm named Transboundary operations of natural persons according to RF Central Bank Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008
Page 1 and 2: Migration in the Russian Federation
Page 3: Migration in the Russian Federation
Page 6 and 7: list of tables Table 1. Population
Page 9: aCronYM list BSEC Organization of t
Page 12 and 13: concept and has since implemented i
Page 15 and 16: exeCutive suMMarY: general assessMe
Page 17 and 18: publics in the same period was 6.8
Page 19 and 20: 1. iMMigrants 1.1. Number of immigr
Page 21 and 22: Table 2. Foreign citizens and state
Page 23 and 24: Table 4. Residence permits issued i
Page 25 and 26: Table 7. Refugees and forced resett
Page 27 and 28: Table 9. Distribution of foreign wo
Page 29 and 30: Table 11. Distribution of foreign w
Page 31 and 32: Table 13. Immigration flows to the
Page 33 and 34: A significant part of migrants movi
Page 35 and 36: 2. eMigrants 2.1. Total number of e
Page 37 and 38: Labour migrants Suspended licenses
Page 39 and 40: Marshall Islands 897 1,121 632 Neth
Page 41 and 42: Table 26. Russian emigration by cou
Page 43 and 44: 3. reMittanCes 3.1. Quantitative as
Page 45: Destination country Table 30. Remit
Page 49 and 50: 4. Migrant CoMMunities/Diasporas Wi
Page 51 and 52: • Russian Center of the Internati
Page 53 and 54: 26, Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street, 1034
Page 55: 4.2. Migrant communities/diasporas
Page 58 and 59: vious estimates of the Russian Mini
Page 60 and 61: Outflows Based on the records of th
Page 62 and 63: the former Yugoslav Republic of Mac
Page 64 and 65: China-bound human trafficking is di
Page 67 and 68: 6. assessMent anD analYsis of Migra
Page 69 and 70: • Ministry of Interior 119049, Mo
Page 71 and 72: • Agreement between the Republic
Page 73 and 74: • Agreement between the Russian F
Page 75 and 76: The Federal Migration Service, firs
Page 77 and 78: • building up of conditions for v
Page 79 and 80: wherein they are given the right to
Page 81 and 82: Table 35. Average annual employment
Page 83 and 84: Table 37. Unemployment by age and e
Page 85 and 86: 1998, the Agreement on cooperation
Page 87 and 88: The Law creates normative and legal
Page 89 and 90: The law enforcement authorities of
Page 91 and 92: Since July 1992, more than 1,623,00
Page 93 and 94: St. Petersburg Fontanka St. 21, 191
Page 95 and 96: Kazan- “Fatima” Contact person
Page 97 and 98:
7. annex: soMe aDDitional Migration
Page 99 and 100:
North-western Federal District the
Page 101:
Annex Table 5. Immigrants at age 14
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