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Chapter 1 • Silvia Salvatici 5. The students met Sofije and her family in three sessions during the clinical fieldwork. 6. In his lessons on Family Psychotherapy held during the training course in Pristina, Renos Papadopoulos pointed out that the “dominant story” focused on the “trauma” usually hides a “subjugated story”, that must be brought to light in order to place the psychological suffering in a wider context. Addressing the account towards the “subjugated story” is a basic condition to avoid cases where “people are in a certain sense ‘traumatized’ by the ‘trauma’ ”. 7. According to Jean-Marie Lemaire, the identification of “residual resources” (the choice of the term serves to remind that “neither suffering nor pathology can be neglected”) is the basic component of the support given by the psychotherapist to the families in need; see Lemaire, 2000. 8. The role played by the demonstrations in the construction of the individual and the collective memory has been analysed in Mertus, 1999. 9. Ardita also affirmed that “Prishtina people weren’t expressing very much solidarity toward people coming from the regions affected by the war. Just a few of them received refugees from unsafe places, and mainly refugees were better welcomed and placed through surroundings rather than in town… and some of Prishtina inhabitants didn’t want to hear anything about the refugees coming from war regions, they didn’t shelter and help them… they were indifferent towards them…” 10. The 39.44 per cent of people who left the rural areas during the war did not go back to villages after the end of the conflict, but moved to the towns (my elaboration on data available in International Organization for Migration, 2000: 35). Migration from the countryside to the towns must be understood within the more complex transition from agrarian communities to industrial societies which played a basic role in fostering ethnic conflicts throughout the Balkan area; see Ivekovic, 2000. 11. The contrast between town (as a place with a tradition of coexistence and multiculturalism) and countryside (as a place where nationalism is more radical) is typical of all former Yugoslavia. Everywhere, migrations from rural to urban areas have complicated the situation significantly. See Ivekovic, 1995: 38-40. 12. For a wider analysis on the impact of international organizations see Pandolfi, 2000. 13. A close friend of hers, also present during the interview. 14. On the role played by culture in the construction of the “ethnic identity” see Jenkins, 1997, Govers and Vermeulen, 1997. 15. See Nicola Mai’s contribution to this volume. 16. On the role attributed to women by the community in maintaining the constructed “cultural boundaries” see Yuval-Davis, 1997: 39-66. 17. On the experience of Albanian-Kosovar women refugees within the reception structures offered by the international organization see Mertus, 2000. 18. There are 93 women aged 0-19 for every 100 men, for women aged 50-59 there are 99. See International Organization for Migration, 2000: 25. 19. Hasime’s testimony gives us an example of the phenomenon – largely widespread in the Balkans – of contesting the identities of other communities; see Duijzings, 2000: 15. 50
20. See Duijzings, 2000: 158, and references given by the author. For a more general overview of the central role that trauma and victimization have come to play within the politics of memory, see Antze and Lambek, 1996. References Psychosocial Notebook, Volume 2, October 2001 Antze, P., and M. Lambek (Eds) 1996 Tense Past. Cultural Essays in Trauma and Memory, Routledge, New York – London. Bracewell, W. 1996 “Women, motherhood, and contemporary Serbian nationalism”, in Women’s Studies International Forum, 14, Oxford. Duijzings, G. 2000 Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo, Hurst & Company, London. 1993 (Summer) “Gender, Nationalisms and National Identities”, monographic issue of Gender & History, 5(2), Oxford. Govers, C., and H. Vermeulen (Eds) 1997 The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness, Macmillan, Basingstoke. Hacking, L. 1995 Rewriting the Soul. Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Humanitarian Community Information Centre 2000 (June) Kosova/o Encyclopedia (cd-rom). International Organization for Migration Kosovo. May 2000 Demographic, socio-economic and reproductive health survey. Basic results, http://www.iom.ipko.org. Ivekovic, I. 2000 Ethnic and Regional conflicts in Yugoslavia and Transcaucasia. A Political Economy of Contemporary Ethnonational Mobilization, Longo Editore, Ravenna. Ivekovic, R. 1995 La balcanizzazione della ragione, Manifestolibri, Roma. Jambresic Kirin, R., and M. Povrzanovic (Eds) 1996 War, Exile, Everyday Life: Cultural Perspective, Institute of Ethnology, Zagreb, and Folklore Research. Jenkins, R. 1997 Rethinking Ethnicity. Arguments and Explorations, Sage, London. Lemaire, J.M. 2000 “Disconcerting humanitarian interventions, and the resources of collective healing”, in Losi. Losi, N. (Ed.) 2000 Psychosocial and Trauma Response in War-Torn Societies. The Case of Kosovo, Psychosocial Notebook, vol. 1, IOM, Geneva. Malcolm, N. 1998 Kosovo: A Short History, New York University Press, New York. Mertus, J.A. 1999 Kosovo. How Myths and Truths Started a War, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 2000 War’s Offensive on Women. The Humanitarian Challenge in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, Kumarian Press, Bloomfield. 51
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Sections G through H In sections G
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Many refugees also pointed out how
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• Organizing hidden campaigns of
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