1995 Chanelling the sun's light into a working model of an ...

1995
#1
Chanelling the sun’s light into a working model of an
underground laboratory using fiber optics
Bernadine M Abella, Mereille G Calimag, Mia Venus O Daoas, Ma Carla C
Leonardo, Windi Remmi M Tapawan
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to try duplicating the conditions (in
terms of sunlight) on the surface of the earth in an underground laboratory
through the use of fiber optics.
Because of lack of available funds, imitation fibers from décor were
used in the model of an underground laboratory. A bundle of these fibers
with the collective diameters of four cm was inserted into the center of the
plywood box. (0.5m x0.5m). A lens was used in one setup to focus onto the
fibers.
Using a light detector, relative light readings (in millivolts) of the
intensity of light was obtained. At the time of the experiment, the average
reading of the unaided sunlight was 1.47 volts; that of the sunlight through
the unaided fibers 22.46 mV; and that of the magnifying lens aided fibers
715.12 mV. Based on these data, the efficiency (output ÷ Inout x 100%,
where : output=average reading of the unaided sunlight; and input =
average readings of the sunlight through aided/ or unaided fiber optics) of the
lens aided setup was 48.65% while that of the unaided setup was 1.50%. We
planted mongo seedlings inside the box, outside the box, and in complete
darkness to further test the suitability of the fibers in the transmission of light.
Based on our data, the mongo plants in the box were greener than those in
darkness which means that fiber optics were able to transmit the sun’s energy
needed by plants to perform photosynthesis.
Hopefully, with the use of real fiber optics, and if a special lens will be
developed to focus sunlight onto a bigger area of fibers, 100% efficiency will
be obtained.
#2
The feasibility of makabuhai extracts as molluscicide
against golden kuhol
Arthur Y Abon, Nathanael Alviso, Marco Angelo Rasos, John Paul B Pua, Don
Reginald Paul D Santos
ABSTRACT
In the early 1980’s the golden kuhol was introduced into the country as
an alternative food source. However, it was discovered later that the species
caused great

Damage to rice crops; soon, the need for a pesticide against it rose.
A chemical that would work was later developed, but recently it was
known that the chemical could also harm humans. Now there is a need for a
feasible replacement that would affect only the intended target. The extract
of the makabuhai plant was chosen as the potential substitute.
Three separate trials were made; the first used 30 ml of the extract,
the second and third used 100 ml of the makabuhai solution in 150 ml water.
In the first trial, no significant difference was noted between the replicates
and the control. The second and third testing varied significantly with the
control in which no extract was mixed, therefore showing that the makabuhai
indeed had molluscicidal properties. However, the strength of the extract
was also considerably less than the commercial pesticide. The average
mortality rate for the extract was slightly less than 70% while the commercial
pesticide’s was 100%.
#3
Feasibility of Mayana Leaves (Coleus Blumei) as substitute
colorant for Marker Ink
Rowena Agasin, Mignon Fernandez, martin Victor Garcia, Rafael Jacob, Ian
Jasper Villaver
ABSTRACT
Marker inks are widely used in the Philippines at present. But because
it is being manufactured in other countries, it is expensive. Due to this, the
feasibility of the leaf-protein concentrate (LPC) of mayana leaves (Coleus
blumei), as a cheaper source of colorant for marker ink, was tested. The LPC
was extracted in several steps: extraction of juice using a centrifuge;
filtration, heat coagulation; collection of LPC; and drying. Different solutions
of ink were prepared by mixing a fixed amount of dried LPC to different
concentrations of the solvent. Different concentrations of technical grade
acetone such as 50% by volume, 60% volume, 80% by volume, 90% by
volume were used as solvents. Solutions of technical grade acetone and
denatured alcohol in a ratio of 1:1 by volume were two different
concentrations of acetone were used such as 60% and 90% by volume were
also tested. Using the results in the panel judging, a friedmann’s test was
done in order to test the acceptability of the experimental product. In
conclusion, mayana LPC is a feasible colorant for marker ink. But it cannot
compete with the commercial marker ink because some improvisations should
still be done.
#4
Re-utilization of sucrose solution used in apple
preservation
Rossel Leah B Aguirre, Wendell D Felizarta, Michael S Gatan, Magellan A
Mangabat, Leslie Monica G Raymundo

ABSTRACT
Osmotic dehydration by immersion in sucrose solutions of different
concentrations is commonly used by industries in the production of candied
dehydrated fruits. A refractometer is needed in order to read the
concentration of the solution after each use. By doing this, the effectivity of
the sugar solutions will be maximized. However, several small-scale
companies cannot afford an expensive equipment such as the refractometer.
The group then decide to work on apple preservation in order to come
up with a table of the changes in the concentration of the 2.5 m solution after
each use. Every 12 hours the immersed apples were replaced by a new batch
of sliced fruit. But before doing so, the concentration of a sucrose solution
was read using the refractometer. The results were tabulated and after six
readings, the change in the concentration with respect to the number of
readings were translated into a graph. This graph serves as a basis for
determing the effectivity of the sucrose solution.
#5
The utilization and acceptability of soybean curd
production effluent as vinegar
Higasmin G Alana, Angelo P Gonzales, Shalom R Mercader, Arnaldo O Patina,
Charissa T Ronque
ABSTRACT
This study aims to produce a commercially viable and acceptable
vinegar with the utilization of soybean curd production effluent resulting from
the manufacture of “taho,” “tokwa,” and other soybean products.
With the use of a pH meter and a refractometer, the group obtained a
pH reading of 7 and recorded the average sugar content of one percent of the
effluent samples. The sugar concentration was then fixed at twelve percent
with the addition of white or brown sugar to enable a successful
fermentation. To yield a clear solution after the fermentation process, the
effluent samples were diluted with water in five different proportions (1:0,
1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4) each amounting to 500ml. of experimental medium.
Twenty five grams of baker’s yeast was added to each of the
experimental media to facilitate alcohol conversion. This fermentation
process took seven to ten days to complete. The alcohol medium was then
separated from the semi-solid substances that settled at the bottom and was
inoculated with prepared Acetobacter aceli. The treated media were left
undisturbed at room temperature for 18 to 21 days to allow aerobic
fermentation to occur. This process facilitates the conversion of acetic acid
from alcohol to produce vinegar. The products were then autoclaved to
prevent contamination and inhabitants.
The experimental products, together with two commercial products
(datu Puti and Del Monte), underwent chemical test for their pH and percent
acidity and a test composed of randomized panelists for the acceptability of

their taste. Of all the calibrated proportions, two were statistically analyzed
(with the use of the ANOVA test) for their percent acidity relative to the
commercial products. The general acceptability of the taste. The estimated
cost of the production of 500 ml. of the experimental vinegar (includes a 50%
overhead for P7.3 for the commercial products.
Therefore, vinegar produced form soybean curd production effluent is
feasible and acceptable.
#6
The feasibility of a coconut-based (cocos nucifera )
Biodegradable plastic sheet
Dino Alentajan, Cinderella Chavez, Gerard Dacudao, Rico Estrella, Carlos
Galzote
ABSTRACT
Through the years, plastics have been a part of everyone’s life.
Plastics have been some of the most versatile and useful materials utilized by
man. However, this super material also has its drawbacks, such as pollution.
Plastics, being synthetic materials, do not decompose easily.
This study focuses on the use of coconut (cocos nucifera) in the
production of a biodegradable plastic sheet. The development of earthfriendly
plastic would eventually lessen the production of synthetic wastes.
Four nata de coco sheets, each 12” by 8” and 3/5” thick, were
produced. Two sheets were left under the sun and were dried for 56 hours,
while the other two sheets were placed in an oven and were dried for 13
hours and 40 minutes at a temperature of 60°C. One sundried sheet (plastic
C) and one ovendried sheet (A) were set aside. The other two sheets, one
ovendried (B), the other sundried (D) were then immersed in 200ml of
glycerol for 7 days. The two sheets were then washed with water and were
left to dry.
The four sheets and a commercial plastic sheet (E) underwent several
tests such as clarity, water absorption, flammability, tensile strength, and
biodegradability.
The resulting data showed that the sundried plastic had the best
results among all the tests except water.
#7
Relationships among shape, viscosity, velocity and drag
force
Carlo Alonso, Daniel Cimafranca, Jennifer Lising, Dennis Lopez, Pia Pascual
ABSTRACT
The goal of the study was to formulate mathematical relationships
between the dimensions of a conical body, the viscosity of a fluid, the velocity
of the body as it falls through the fluid, and the drag force that the body

experiences as it falls. The study employed stroboscopic photography to
observe the conical bodies as they fell through the fluid medium, A total of
seven steel cones of varying dimensions were used. The fluid media involved
were water-glycerol solutions with varying concentrations. Results showed
that the base diameter to height ratio of a cone varied inversely with the
terminal velocity and therefore directly with drag force for ratios greater than
1:2. For ratios less than 1:2, the relationship of the base to height ratio was
inverse. Results also supported the belief. The group also concluded that,
for small sizes, the base up or base down orientation of a cone has no effect
on the terminal velocity and drag force.
#8
Carabao Grass and Ipil-ipil as culture medium alternatives
for trichoderma harzianum
Angelo S Alvarez, Brigido F Cabangon III, Lorenz Benedict P Ligot, Noel O
tecson
ABSTRACT
Trichoderma harzianum plays a major role in garbage decomposition.
Because of this, researchers have tried to provide means of culturing it for
use in the future. The commonly used method of growing T harzianum is by
the utilization of coconut water as a culture medium. This research aims to
find a better way of growing T harzianum that of which could better coconut
water’s ability. Because T harzianum needs cellulose and protein for optimum
growth, the closest candidates were grass and ipil-ipil, both of which are
abundant in the tropical areas like the Philippines.
Four major culture set-ups were made, comprising ipil-ipil grass,
coconut and a combination of ipil-ipil and grass. The set-ups were inoculated
with equal amounts of T. harzianum and were allowed to propagate for one
week.
Results showed that more T harzianum grew in the ipil-ipil medium and
the least amount grew in the ipil-grass medium. Statistical tests confirmed
that ipil-ipil was indeed a more suitable T. harzianum medium. Therefore the
group may conclude that ipil-ipil is a good alternative medium. Therefore the
group may conclude that ipil-ipil is a good alternative medium for T
harzianum.
#9
Alternative methods of Producing iodized salt
Thaddeus P Amado, Romylee A Ejercito, Imee S Martinez, Vincent Paul S
Villegas, Ma Isidora Margarita M Yap
ABSTRACT
Due to the high incidence of iodine deficiency diseases (IDD’s) in the
Philippines, iodized salt has become quite popular in the market. The aim of

this research project is to discover different methods of making cheap and
accessible iodized salt. Different gadgets were designed to mix the salt and
potassium iodate (KIO3) adequately. The iodometric titration method was
used to test for the iodine content of the manufactured salt. To prove the
efficiency and consistency of the gaget, the Analysis of Variance test was
performed. It has been shown that the iodine has been evenly distributed at
100ppm, which is the standard amount. Thus, satisfactory results have been
obtained. However, ways to improve the appearance and stability of the salt
under storage may still be pursued.
#10
The utilization of Miso as Paper Packaging Material and
culture medium
Anna Mae T Angeles, Victoria Janne M Bacalzo, Lovely-Ann C carlos, Claudine
D Umali
ABSTRACT
This study aims to find more uses for miso, a product in taho
production. Dehydrated miso contains mostly protein and some amount of
cellulose. The methodology employed in paper production consisted of
mixing shredded used paper and dehydrated miso in the ratios 1:1, 1:3 and
3;1. These mixtures were boiled in 10% sodium hydroxide, washed and
added to basins of water for papermaking. It was found out that the recycled
paper mostly supported the structure of the paper where the weight of the
miso was greater than that of the used paper, there wasn’t enough fibers to
make a sheet.
In producing packaging material, miso in varying amounts – 5g, 10g,
15g – was eached mixed with 40g of styrophor dissolved in toluene and
placed in molds. Statistical tests for flammability showed that there was a
significant difference between the burning time of the control and the
samples with miso, the sample with miso taking the longest time to burn.
Miso was also used to replace the protein components of nutrient broth
which are beef extract and peptone. 7g of agar and 4 g of nutrient broth were
dissolved in1 liter of water to make nutrient broth were dissolved in 1 liter of
water to make nutrient agar. Using asceptic techniques, E. coli was
inoculated in the nutrient agar and in the miso agar. Colony counts were
conducted after 36 hours. Statistical tests showed that there is no significant
difference between the two treatments. It was concluded that miso is a
potential substitute for nutrient broth.
The group recommends further testing of the concentrations of miso used in
the last two parts of the experiment.

#11
The feasibility of cassava and sweet potato as wheat
substitutes in soy sauce production
Laureen G Angeles, Bryan M Apostol, Emilie L Eyadan, Sherwin T Magtanong,
Carlo P Nakar
ABSTRACT
The research was done to investigate the feasibility of cassava
(manibot esculenta) and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) flours as substitutes
for wheat flour in soy sauce production.
The root crops were peeled, grated, oven-dryed, pulverized and
roasted separately. Four treatments were used: 100% cassava flour, 100%
sweet potato flours and 100% wheat as the control. These were the
treatments used for the 4 soy sauce set-ups. Friedmann’s non-parametric
test of significance gauged the acceptability of the experimental soy sauce to
the control in terms of flavor.
Cassava flour was the easiest to process of the two root crops used,
due to its fast drying rate. As of this time, fermentation is almost finished.
The group has only been able to gather partial results. Partial results show
statistically that no significant difference between the four treatments is
apparent at this time. These results are not conclusive because the samples
were still fermenting when test was conducted.
#12
The feasibility of producing microbiological stain from
herbal extracts
Tara Ann Marie S Angeles, Ma Charina R Corona, Joseph C Maranang, Daryll Marcson
J Quinto
ABSTRACT
This investigatory project on microbiological stains has been pursued
due to the need for natural stains which could be readily available and
relatively cheaper than the imported synthetic dyes. The group tried
substituting Curcuma longa L. (red ginger rhizome) and bixa orellana L
(achuete) extracts for crystal violet and safranin in the Gram-staining
technique. Bacterial samples of E. coli and B subtilis stained with the achuete
extract revealed large particles of achuete granules when observed under the
microscope despite all measures taken to improve the extract’s solubility. The
red ginger extract, on the other hand, seemed promising as a microbiological
stain. It stained the background of the cell yellow, thus, indicating that the

extract is acidic. Further analysis of the specimens were not made due to the
unavailability of a high-powered microscope.
#13
The definition of the Properties of the Voronoi Diagram
Easter Marie Ansula, Maita Malilong, Luisita Santos, Gary Tolentino
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to define the properties of the Voronoi
diagram and to apply these properties to a particular problem: Where’s the
nearest School?” (Figure1).
With each point representing a school, how will the area be divided
into polygonal regions such that: (a) each region will contain only one school
and (b) the nearest school to any point P of the area be the school within the
polygonal region containing the point P?
The voronoi diagram properties were defined by proving the theorems
on the voronoi diagram. The theorem area (1) Every vertex of the Voronoi
diagram is the common intersection of exactly three edges of the diagram;
(2) For every vertex of the Voronoi diagram of a set of points S, the circle C
(V) (the circle with vertex V as a center) contains only three points of the set
S; and (3) Every nearest neighbor of any point in S defines an edge of the
Voronoi polygon. All the theorems were proven with the assumption that only
3 points are cocircular.
#14
Preparation of Guava Juice and determination of its
vitamin C content
Jon Alexis A Apellado, Rogelio M Carlos, Diana V Peralta, Richard S Rodriguez
ABSTRACT
Guava has a high spoilage rate that prevents it from satisfying market
that demands for its high vitamin C content. This study aims to find efficient
ways of preparing guava juice. The first method used, crystallization method,
centered on solving the problems of storage and of retaining the Vitamin C
content. Whole guava were ground and osterized. The samples were
subjected to blanching and then to additives. The product was ovendried,
powdered and was tested for acceptability and for vitamin C content. The
tests were made according to the concentration of additive in the guava juice.
Another method was formulated and a puree was produced. It was also
tested for acceptability and for vitamin C content, this time according to
portions of the guava (additive) determines the acceptability of the powdered
guava juice and the maturity and portion of fruit does not affect the
production acceptability.

#15
The effect of Ipomoea aquatica (kangkong) on
Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbits)
Gina Arnaldo, Christine Clemente, Jose Christopher Mendoza, Sharon suarez,
Junico
Visaya
ABSTRACT
Ipomoea aquatica (kangkong) has been found to be helpful in the
elimination of fatty acids lodged in the blood vessels (JZ Galvez-Tan, MD).
Besides its adaptability and abundance, kangkong is a staple in the diet of
many Filipinos. This study was conducted to find the effect of kangkong on
rabbits – which are physiologically and anatomically similar to man – and to
verify its potential to reduce the blood-cholesterol levels of people suffering
from blood-cholesterol related ailments such as hypertension. A set of rabbits
was procured and divided into two groups, for a one-month experimentation.
The normal diet of pellets and water was given to both groups at the first
week; at the second week the experimental group received 3 ml of melted
butter daily in addition to the normal diet. This was followed by a bloodcholesterol
count using the Liebermann-burchard method. The rabbits were
allowed to rest for a week, feeding on the normal diet. During the last week
the experimental rabbits were fed with 5 ml osterized-kangkong dilute daily.
Again, blood samples were taken from each rabbit for blood-cholesterol
count; the results were analyzed using the T-test for independent samples.
There was a significant difference between the blood-cholesterol levels of the
treated and untreated rabbits.
#16
The feasibility of a mollusk shell –based adhesive as a
substitute for mortar
Maria Antonia G Arroyo, Katrina Anna P Macias, Maria Abigail D Lorenzo, Karlo
Emir M Tayzon
ABSTRACT
The study aims to determine the feasibility of using mollusk shell-based
adhesive as a substitute for mortar.
The mollusks shell-based adhesive was made from combining
powdered mollusks shells and tackifier in an elastomer and toluene mixture.
Different adhesives were made using variated concentrations of the two
tackifiers (sodium silicate and Polyvinyl Acetate) and two elastomers
(Neoprene WHV and Neoprene AG). Randomly chosen samples from each

combination were tested for shear strength at the standard and testing
Division of the Department of science and technology (STD,ITDI,DOST
Bicutan).
The best combination was the Polyvinyl Acetate and Neoprene WHV.
The combination had the highest shear strength. Thus, two replicates for
each of the four treatments of the combination arose. The two replicates for
each of the four treatments then underwent testing for shear strength and
water absorption.
Statistical test of T-test for independent samples and Anova were
conducted for both water absorption and shear strength. The T-test for
independent samples was done to test for any significant difference between
the control mean and the treatment mean. The Anova was done to test for
any significant difference between the four treatment means.
The results showed no significant difference between the control mean
and the treatment means and between the treatment means. Thus, a
mollusks shell-based adhesive can be substitute for commercial mortar.
#17
The Feasibility of Tobacco leaf extract as insecticide for
cockroaches
Jon Rene D Atienza, felemer Q Limos, Raymund L Lirag, Aristides G Uy
ABSTRACT
Cockroaches are known as one of the most annoying pests and as one
of the most capable vectors of diseases. They are also notoriously difficult to
kill.
Tobacco, on the other hand, contains nicotine and tannin, both known
narcotics. So far, the main market for tobacco has been cigarettes.
In this research project the group tried to create an insecticide using
tobacco to combat cockroaches. The group did this to try to create an
alternative market for tobacco and at the same time create an effective and
cheaper insecticide against cockroaches.
To prepare the insecticide the group first bought tobacco leaves from
the flea market and hung them out to dry. Fifty grams of dried leaves was
then soaked in a 10% (by weight) salt solution overnight. The leaves were
then boiled in 500 ml of distilled water, cooled, and filtered. The group then
titrated the solution using 0.025 M perchloric acid as the acid, the nicotine
extract as the base, and a 5% crystal violet solution as the indicator. Given
the normality of the the acid, the normality of the base was also discovered.
The group then proceeded to divide the extract into several treatments by %
volume of the extract using ethyl alcohol as the solvent. The treatments were
(%extract%alcohol): 100/0, 72/25, 50/50. 25/75, 0/100, and the last
treatment was using commercial insecticide. The group used ten replicates
per treatment and administered the treatments by first distributing the
treatment evenly along a glass container using a sprayer. A replicate was
then placed into the container, the container was sealed, and the cockroach

was then observed for an hour. This was repeated until each treatment had
ten replicates.
#18
The effect of eucalyptus sp. On the sprouting of Solanum
tuberosum (Potato)
Fe Isabel Balaoing, Arnel Cayabyab, Ma Lorena Santos, Laura Blossom Ty,
Cheryl Yap
ABSTRACT
Studies have shown that aromatic hydrocarbons found in certain spices
and herbs can effect the growth of sprouts in potatoes. Eucalyptus plants, in
general, have been found to possess distinct amounts of such hydrocarbons.
These facts have led the group to form a project that aims to determine
whether the chemical components of Eucalyptus sp. Also influence the
sprouting of potatoes in any way.
In this experiment, potatoes were subjected to two kinds of treatment:
one group of replicates was exposed to smoke from burning eucalyptus
leaves and another group was dipped into mixtures of osterized leaves and
tap water. Both groups consisted of several batches of potatoes distinguished
from each other by the length of time they were treated. The potatoes were
then kept at room temperature and observed for several weeks. Friedmann’s
tests were made to correlate the data gathered. Results showed that there
was no significant difference in the rate of growth of the sprouts in the
potatoes whether treated or untreated.
#19
Bagasse Briquettes as an alternative fuel source
Roger M Baldesancho, Lorenz Rose B Ponce, Mark C Silloriquez, Karen Ann Q
Roman, Aileen Carmelita S Tirona
ABSTRACT
The research was done to investigate the use of sugarcane bagasse as
a fuel source through briquetting, in line with storage and waste management
problems encountered with its use in most sugar mills.
Two kilograms of bagasse was cut into fine pieces and divided into
bags of 500 g each. Charcoal was likewise pounded into fine powder.
Cornstarch binder was combined with the bagasse in ratios of 2:1, 3:1, and
4:1. the treatments were independently molded and oven dried. The charcoal
sample was likewise prepared in a 3:1 binder to charcoal ratio. The heating
value of the briquettes was determined by independent testing using a
charcoal stove.

T1 (2:1) reached the highest average temperature in fifteen minutes
(82.6°C) outperforming both T2 (74.4°C) and T3 (76.06°C as well as the pure
bagasse sample (76.0°C) showing that the briquettes were more efficient
than untreated bagasse. The briquettes also reached a highest average
temperature in fifteen minutes than charcoal briquettes (39°C) although they
lasted for a shorter time. Cost analysis showed that bagasse briquettes
(P0.40) cost considerably less than the charcoal briquettes (P1.00).
#20
Constructing and testing the filtering capacity of an
improved air ionizer
Virryan B Banzon, Jolly Jason S Catibog, Paulo S Tioleco, Sabrina Lynn V
Trinidad, Cherry Ann B Viray
ABSTRACT
This study is aimed at making an improved air ionizer based on a
former PSHS research project done by Adre Jr and co workers (1984).
Electronic parts were gathered and soldered into the circuit board
designed by an electronics and communications engineer. A brass sheet
assembly was used instead of an emitting needle to widen the surface area of
exposure to the pollutants and an ignition coil was used as a transformer.
The brass sheet of the ionizer was installed in a custom-made car
muffler, in such a way it will not block the out-going air.
The device was tested on three diesel engined vehicles with ten trials
each. A smokemeter from task force clean and green, QC. Was used to
measure the amount of pollutants (in parts per thousand). Without the air
ionizer, the smokemeter measured an average of 98.68+1.3ppt for vehicle 1,
70.1 + 3.2 ppt for vehicle 2, and 96.92+ 2.04 ppt for vehicle 3. After the
ionizer was installed, the readings dropped to 28.41 + 3.09m ppt for vehicle
1, 20.99 + 3.13 ppt for vehicle 2, and 24.36 + 1.51 for vehicle 3.
The specific pollutants filtered were not identified because the smokemeter
cannot do so. The results were statistically tested using t-test for two
correlated groups and it showed that there is a significant difference between
the pollution levels taken with and without the ionizer. The ionizer therefore
was efficient in controlling the amount of pollutants emitted by a vehicle.
#21
Corn cobs as material for particle boards
Neil Andrew D Bascos, Kristine Laurel F Co Seng, Alexander Kenneth M Flores,
Anna Marie R Triunfante, Erwin A Ramos
ABSTRACT
In line with the current trend of recycling, a project was proposed to
make use of one of the least utilized but abundant agricultural by product,
corn cobs. The corn cobs were chopped, ground into flakes, then bound into

particle boards using two different adhesives, Urea-Formaldehyde and
polystyrene. The samples were of two types, 100% fine particles and 50%
coarse, 50% fine particles. Tests were conducted to determine the degree of
flammability, water absorption and tensile strength of each of the samples. It
was observed that only the Polystyrene bound samples were flammable, all
the samples had an insignificant degree of water absorption and each had the
tensile strength to support at least 6 kg / 9.75 cm 2 . Given these data the
group has decided that it is feasible for corn cobs to serve as source material
for particle boards, particle boards which may be utilized for a variety of uses
yet to be determined.
#22
Chitosan and lactic acid as components for the production
of an edible film
Cyrus Van D Bastatas, Ma Louisa C Lopez, Jhoanna B Mendoza, Grace Ann D
Padua, Elenore Judy B Uy
ABSTRACT
Cutting fruits and vegetables breaks their natural protective barriers
against the drying and oxidative effects of air. This is the reason why large
scale preprocessing of fresh produce, which would follow for a more costeffective
and convenient system, cannot be done.
Edible films provide the best solution to this problem. Among the most
promising edible films that research has produced to date is one that is made
from a combination of chitosan, a derivative of crustaceous shells, and fatty
acids. Attila Pavlath, a researcher at the USDA’s Western Regional Research
Center, found that the best fatty acids to use for the production of these films
are those with twelve or less fatty acids as larger molecules tend to stick out
of the chitosan structure, creating gaps which will allow the escape of
moisture.
The research therefore aims to find out if lactic acid, a fairly common
three-carbon acid, and chitosan can be used for the production of an edible
film.
This research therefore aims to find out if lactic acid, a fairly common
three-carbon fatty acid, and chitosan can be used for the production of an
edible film.
Results show that the film did stop waterloss and oxidation and that
generally, it was able to extend the shelf life of perishable food stuffs.
#23
The Feasibility of Lamad as an additive in Papermaking
Rosalie Battling, Marjorie Conda, Normell Jhoe De Mesa, Francia Olaguera
ABSTRACT

One of the main wastestreams in nata de coco production is lamad ( a
white creamy substance found beneath the nata gel). This study’s major
concern was to determine whether or not lamad can be used as an additive in
papermaking.
An exploratory experiment was first conducted to determine a method
of drying lamad, and to concoct a compatible slurry solution. It was found
out that drying lamad by exposing to air or by heating in an oven did not
produce powdered lamad. Instead, lamad was osterized. A mixture similar to
the starch solution resulted. Osterized lamad was used in varying
concentrations. The only solution that produced paper similar to the control
(paper without lamad) contained 70 g alum in 100 ml water, 10 g NaOH, 10 g
rosin in 200 mL lamad and 25 g starch in 200 mL water.
Completely randomized Design with 2 treatments and 10 replicates
each was employed. The samples were submitted to the fiber. Institute
Development Authority for mechanical testing of fear factor, burst factor, and
breaking length.
Tear factor, defined as the number of units of pressure needed to cut
the paper, had a greater average for value paper with lamad. Burst factor,
the number of pressure units before the paper was torn to pieces, had s
higher value for paper without lamad. However, the difference between the
burst factor values of the control and experimental was not large enough to
conclude that paper without lamad had better bust strength. Lastly, breaking
length, the length a paper can stretch before breaking was much larger for
paper without lamad.
#24
Preparation of Powdered Mango juice
Ronald T Bechayda, Junet Victor Z Cruz, Enrico D de Belen Marc E Gaba,
Scion M R
Raguindin
ABSTRACT
No powdered juice exists in the market. This study aims to test the
feasibility of producing, under minimal cost, powdered mango juice that
retains the flavor of mango. It should also have a long shelf life so as to
secure the availability of this seasonal fruit. The powdered mango juice was
prepared through an oven-drying process. After osterization, blanching, and
the addition of a carrier, the resulting puree was placed in a 60°C oven until
dehydrated into flakes, which were ground. Different proportions by mass of
the mango and the carrier were tested. The most accepted treatment
according to Friedmann’s test was ^0% mango to 40% carrier (treatment B).
A serving of eight ounces costs P3.30. Results showed that although the
powderization of mango juice is feasible, the product was not an acceptable
commercial substitute. Other drying methods, powderization techniques, and
carriers must be tried for better yield.

#25
Investigating the Anti-Microbial properties of Chitosan
Rochelle Bernardo, Shella Canares, Allyson Olea, Leo-Aries Santos, Luc
Valencia
ABSTRACT
Chitosan derived from chitin in crustacean exoskeleton was tested for
potential anti-microbial properties. It was extracted through the treatment of
ground crustacean shells with 1M HCl then with 1M NaOH solution; 750 ml of
solution/50 g of shell sample. Chitosan was then dissolved in 1% formic acid.
Microbial assay using microbes from E.coli, S. aureus and C albicans, was
accomplished using the paper disc method. For the control set-up,
commercial antibiotics, tetracycline and chloramphenicol were used. The
experimental set-up used paper discs immersed in the chitosan solution. The
zones of inhibition were measured. The results show that chitosan is an
acceptable disinfectant against C albicans. The group recommends further
research to tap chitosan’s potential better.
#26
Charcoal as a filter for lead in automobile exhaust
Richard Leo V Blanco
ABSTRACT
This research was intended to verify the starting hypothesis that
charcoal is usable as an active component for a filter for gaseous lead
compounds emitted in the exhaust of automobiles using leaded gasoline. The
decisive factor was pegged as a significant statistic difference between the
amount of lead found in samples before and after passing through the
filter device wherein charcoal was the active component. Three different
methodologies were tried and failed to yield any result. A fourth
methodology, actually a variation of the third, yielded results that are
statistically invalid, hence scientifically inconclusive with the use of quartz
filter paper exposed for 1 hour per trial to the exhaust. Although the data is
not statistically processable, calculation of the means shows a noticeable
difference between the control and experimental data in favor of the
hypothesis, stated earlier. Despite this, the study is still scientifically
inconclusive to support any conclusion on this basis alone, and thus the field
is still open to a future scientific inquiry, with only recommendation of
extended exposure time per sample should any future research along this line
wish to use the quartz filter paper methodology in determining lead content of
exhaust gases and the use of more than one vehicle for experimentation as
the main point from this research.
#27
The effect of chitin on the pH pf nata de coco effluent

Rowena Roselle P Blanco, Emmanuel T Catahan, Ivan Noel G Olegario, Ivy D
Patdu, Michael Daniel V Samson
ABSTRACT
The study focuses on two substances that pollute our environment:
crustacean exoskeletons; and, nata de coco effluent.
The Philippine nata de coco industry has proven itself to be a
promising venture. Large quantities of nata-de-coco are produced daily.
However, a highly acidic effluent is also produced as a by-product of nata-decoco
production. This effluent is damped into the soil or into sewers which
could pollute our rivers.
Crabs are favorite Filipino delicacies. But tons of crab shells are piling
up along shores and landfills. One of the major components of crab shells is
chitin. Which is plentiful, but has limited use.
The research aims to determine the effect of chitin on the pH of the
nata-de-coco effluent. Results of this study can provide answers for waste
management problems in the nata-de-coco industry.
#28
The feasibility of bagasse and filter-press mud as a
substrate for mushroom cultivation
Benrie Florante Cadiz, Dax Orlando B Dizon Jr, Amiel Angelo J malay, Nina
Donna F Sto Domingo, Lawrence Francis C Tan
ABSTRACT
Bagasse and filter-Press Mud (FPM) are the primary by-products of
sugarcane. This research project aims to utilize these two by-products to
create a substrate which is suitable for mushroom cultivation. The mushroom
spores were initially inoculated into test tubes which contained Potato
Dextrose Agar (PDA). After an incubation period of two weeks the mycelia
were then introduced into bottles containing sorghum seeds. A period of two
weeks was allowed for the mushrooms to develop into grain spawn, after
which the spawn were transferred into prepared bagasse-FPM substrate bags
of proportion 1:1, 2:1, 3;1, and 4:1 depending on the ratio of bagasse top
filter-press mud. A second batch of substrate were produced, omitting the
1:1 proportion and introducing a pure bagasse group. Observations for
positive mushroom growth were made after 60 days. For the first tril, the
treatments which exhibited the highest percentage growth was the 2;1
proportion. For the second trial, all replicates exhibited positive mushroom
growth. It is therefore safe to conclude that the bagasse filter press and
substrates are feasible for mushroom cultivation.
#29
Polymer modification of cationic emulsified asphalt
Chrstopher Francisco C Bolastig, David Ben B Ramirez, Nikholas G Toledo

ABSTRACT
The objective of this project is to develop a polymerized emulsified
asphalt to improve the strength of an existing cold mix emulsion (CSS-1).
Cold mix asphalt is a better alternative in terms of safety, economy and it is
environmentally friendlier not as stable as the hot mix asphalt which is being
used in today’s roads. 2%, 3%,4% concentrations (by weight) of the
polymer modified asphalt were made by melting the asphalt cement (AP 85-
100), adding the polymer (DuPoint Elvaloy AM) and mixing with a Silverson
LR4 Homogenizer under high temperature (380-390F). these were then
subjected to the penetration and softening point tests to establish a positive
relationship between stability and polymer concentration. A stable emulsion
of the 2% polymer was mixed with aggregates and tested for Marshall
stability. The results indicate that the polymerized emulsified asphalt is more
stable than the CSS-1.
#30
The effect of different concentrations of methanol
(CH30H) on the germination and growth of different
plants
Joel Restituto T Caisido, Marianne R Dela Cruz, Ma Katrina R De ramos, Iris C
Leoncio, Ma Rowena R Ramos
ABSTRACT
This study’s aim was to determine the effectivity of CH30H as a growth
booster on several types of plants, namely, Brassica nigra (Mustard),
Abelmoshus esculentus (okra) and Phaseolus vulgaris (black bean). Dilute
concentrations of methanol were first used by nonomura on cotton,
watermelons, and cabbages. He found that he could double the yields in
some cases and halve water consumption in others. (discovery, 1993).
When the plants were given different concentrations of methanol and
the control were discovered through the Chi-square statistical test. For B
nigra, significant differences in germination frequencies were found in the
10%, 5% and 0% solutions. For P vulgaris, the stem lengths of the 5%
treatment had a significant difference when compared with the control. In all
the plants, the 5% methanol solution yielded the most number of seeds
germinated.
When the plants were given different concentrations of methanol, a
significant difference was found using the ANOVA statistical test between the
stem lengths of the different concentrations per plant. Further analyses using
the t-test for two independent samples showed significant differences in the
stem lengths of the 10% solutions of both B nigra and P vulgaris when
compared with the control.
These results prove that very dilute concentrations of methanol can
indeed be used as a growth booster for these types of plants.

#31
The feasibility of urine-treated corn cob as alternate
culture medium for trichoderma harzianum
Maybelle Castllejos, Emmanuel Prudente Gayle Sanchez, Michael Santos, Ma
Rowena Soriano
ABSTRACT
Corn cobs are agricultural wastes, and they can easily be degraded by
trichoderma harzianum. The said fungi, however, has several needs. Two of
these, ammonium and urea, may be found in urine (Domsh, 1980).
The aim of the research was to determine whether corn cobs treated
with urine could serve as alternative culture medium for T harzianum.
Success for the study would not only mean another culture medium for the
said fungi, there would also be a way of making better use of waste products.
Corn cobs were shred and ground, and incorporated into agar
containing six concentrations of urine (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%,50%, and
100%0. T harzianum was inoculated and incubated for seven days. Growth
of fungi observed was compared to that in coconut water agar (CWA).
In the later part of the research, the significance of corn cobs and of
urine were also tested.
Results showed that growth in urine-corn cobs agar mixture containing
urine concentrations of 30% or less and growth in CWA has no significant
difference. Concentrations with 50% and 100% urine had growth
considerably less than that of CWA.
In the test for significance of corn cobs, however, it was found that the
mixture containing as less as 1.5 g of corn cobs had fungal growth rates
better than those in CWA.
#32
Characterization of the active component of talisay nut
extract in the separation of heavy metals from
contaminated water.

Angelica Celicious. Ronelito H Cruz, Pauline C Dela Cruz, Karlvin King Listana,
Rowena C Samala
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research project is to characterize the active
component of talisay nut extract responsible for the separation of heavy
metals from contaminated water, characterization to extent of knowing its pH
and absorbance. Given these characteristics, citing of possible substance that
may be the active component in talisay extract will greatly contribute to the
development of household water purification rather than the impractical
modern distillation systems.
First, the group gathered talisay nuts and then extracted it using the
Soxhlet apparatus. After extraction, the extract was distilled and then applied
to KmnO4 solutions. This was done to test the heavy metal precipitation
ability of the extract to its components.
After the fractions has been collected, they were added to KmnO4 to
test for heavy metal precipitation ability or HMPA. The fraction which
exhibited HMPA was put to the process of UV-VIS spectrophotometry to
obtain its absorption spectrum.
The absorption spectrum of the active component was found to be at
the range 400-420 nm, has a pH of 3.45 and may be Naphthacene or related
compounds.
#33
Production of cheap disinfectant from Codiaem
Varieqatum (San Francisco) leaf extract
Lorenzo A Chu, Elton-Chris E Irong, Anaquelas M Lumbres, Mel Antonio V
Provido
ABSTRACT
The primary purpose of the research is to find out if the biologically
active constituents of the leaf of the Codiaeum varieqatum (san Francisco)
plant has anti-microbial properties.
Soxhlet extraction and distillation of Codieum varieqatum leaf was
done using ethyl alcohol as the solvent. Different extraction time were
measured. The control used was Lysol, a commercial disinfectant.
E col and C albicans were used as the bacteria and fungi respectively.
Paper dics were used in measuring the effectivity by exposing it to the
inoculated bacteria and fungi and then placed in petri plates. Radius of clear
zone around the paper disc was then measured.
Based on the statistical test (t-test for the two independent samples)
made on both the results of bacteria and fungi inhibition, the leaf of the san
Francisco plant has anti bacterial and antifungal properties.
#34

The synthesis of liquid crystals from coconut oil fatty acids
Rosario Chu, Michael Cruz, Raissa Francisco, Neil Silva, Zarah Zoleta
ABSTRACT
Liquid crystals are fluids that exist between the boundaries of the solid
and conventional liquid phases. Liquid crystals are now in widespread use,
especially in optical technologies, and are synthesized by combining fatty
acids with cholesterol. Eighty five percent of coconut oil is composed of fatty
acids.
This study aims to utilize coconut oil as an alternative source of fatty
acids since the coconut is cheap and abundant in the Philippines. Commercial
coconut oil was used and combined with sulfuric acid to liberate the fatty
acids. When the fatty acid layer was collected, it was combined with the
catalysts DCC (C7h22N2, N, N-dicyclohexycarbodiamide) and DMAP
(C7H10N2, 4-dimethylaminopyrimidine) with the ratio of 1:1:1. This was then
combined with commercial cholesterol and stirred until precipitates formed.
The precipitates were filtered and the filtrate was collected. The organic layer
was separated from the filtrate. The liquid crystal component was
determined and isolated through column chromatography and thin layer
chromatography.
The IR spectrography confirmed the presence of cholesterol ester, and
the presence of two melting points, 80˚C and 110 ˚C, show that the product
has liquid crystalline properties.
The success of this project will provide a cheaper alternative to costly
commercial liquid crystals and another use for coconut oil.
#35
The acceptability of pineapple-based chewing candy
Marianne Mabel C Cruz, Carmela R Dela Cruz, Joseph Macatangay, Don John
S Mejia, Gil O Velasco
ABSTRACT
The research group intends to determine the achievability of producing
a pineapple-flavored chewing candy that can compare with commercial
candies particularly in taste acceptance.
The researchers first went to the DOST to acquire the initial candy
recipe. The recipe was continually adjusted every trial according to feedback
from consumers. Additional ingredients such as gulaman and gum Arabic
were introduced later. Further adjustments resulted in the present recipe.
To determine the acceptability of the group’s product, the researchers
set-up a taste test comparing the taste of the candy product © with four
different brands (A: Moshi-moshi and Jellyace; B Fox and Gummi-bears) of
commercial fruit candy. The group then used Friedmann’s test to analyzed
the test results.

#36
Wastepaper and coir with okra mucilage
Xenia P David, Claire A Delacruz, Amyzola N Maramba, Wesley O Platon,
Joshua E Redillas
ABSTRACT
Presently, people everywhere are focusing on environmental concerns.
As a result, there is a movement towards recycling wastes and using natural
substances. Recycled paper is one of the more popular forms, since it is
possible to make by hand and utilizes a variety of materials. These have
included okra mucilage and coconut fibers, things which are relatively cheap
and abundant. However, such paper has not been qualitatively tested.
In the research, a lot of used paper was shredded and pulped. Up to
75% mucilage was extracted from the okra. The coir fibers were cooked for
at least three hours, after which the fibers were made fine. Three batches of
paper were produced. The first was made up of pure recycled paper; the
second of recycled paper and okra mucilage; and third of recycled paper, okra
mucilage, and coconut fibers.
Non-standard, comparative tests were conducted on the paper.
Statistical analyses show that among the three batches, there is no difference
in folding endurance. In tests for tearing strength, it was found that
substantially thick sheets show no significant difference. Standard evaluation
of paper with and without okra conducted by the fiber inspection and
development authority indicates that paper with okra mucilage as a binder is
better in tensile strength, tear factor, and burst factor.
#37
The preparation of powdered carrot juice (daucus carota)
Ruby Rena Davo, Great Dilla, Geoffrey Noscal, Ron Oliver Quiray, Sharon Faye
Piza
ABSTRACT
This research aims to develop an economical and nutritious substitute
to the commercially available juices in powdered form. The project utilizes
carrot extract in place of the conventional fruit extract used in commercial
juices.
After obtaining samples from various market around the metropolis,
the group was able to begin its task of experimentation. A 50% carrot extract
component was unanimously accepted. This was done to retain the nutrient
content of the sample (which was one of the primary objectives of this
research). Together with the carrot extract, three formulations of the carrier
mixture was used, namely: A 45% maltodextrin – 5% sugar; B: 40%
maltodextrin – 10% sugar; C: 35% maltodextrin –15% sugar. After
formulation, the mixtures were continuously oven sugar. After formulation,

the mixture were continuously oven dried for 10 hours with a temperature
setting adjusted to 60C.
A taste was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of the finished
product. Thirty panelist were asked to rank the product according to their
preference.
A taste test was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of the finished
product. Thirty panelists were asked to rank the product according to their
preference.
Friedmann’s test was used to interpret the results of the said test.
Test showed a significant difference between appearance and taste of the
finished product.
The group evaluated the product and found out that the powdered
juice very susceptible to moisture present in the air. This meant that a good
quality of packaging material is needed.
#38
Processing and utilizing of almaciga (agathis
philippinensis resin as plywood adhesive
Mae Despabiladeras, Flordeliza Lim, Anna Carmela Sagcal, Melizza
Templonuevo, Noemi Amor Ulep
ABSTRACT
Preventive measures against the continuous depletion of forests has
lead scientists into searching for various methods to develop non-wood forest
products into major industries. So far, this big an understanding has met with
success and one its leading programs is in the field of adhesive formulations.
Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis) tree, a member pf the family Pinaceae, has
been tagged as among the most promising. Almaciga resin was pounded,
ground, centrifuged, and distilled with rosin as the end product. The rosin
was mixed with different chemicals of varying concentrations, thus producing
eight different formulations. These formulations are 100% almaciga, 100%
polymer, 50% almaciga, 50% polymer with Cascofil, 50% almaciga: 50%
polymer with cascofil and 30% polymer: 70% almaciga with cascofil. Gelation
time and pH were taken for all mixtures. These were applied on plywood
veneers of Moluccan sau and the resulting specimens were taken to a cold
press machine were they were subjected to 842.25 psi pressure. The shear
strength test was also performed. Based on the outcome of the experiment,
a different method of applying the adhesive should have been used. It is
recommended that future researchers on the subjects focus on improving the
adhesive application process and finding alternative plywood venners and/or
fillers.
#39

Molassses and soymilk as substitutes for sugar and cow’s
milk in making chocolate
Victor Carlo Endaya, Jennifer Ignacio, Carlo Magno Palomo, Romeo Paulo
Sapin, Tanya Silva
ABSTRACT
The aim of the research project is to produce a chocolate blend which
is cheaper but high in protein by replacing cow’s milk and sugar soymilk and
molasses respectively.
Chocolate is one of the most detectable edible and it would be better if
it were more cheaper and nutritious.
The chocolate mix is to based on was derived from the chocolate
cookbook.
The control of the experiment is a tested chocolate blend of cocoa
powder, refined sugar, cow’s milk and water. The new blend of chocolate will
just replace the sugar and cow’s milk in definite proportions by the molasses
and soymilk. Other mixtures, of molasses only or soymilk only, substituted
will be tested using the same procedure. The final products will be subjected
to random taste testing.
After the preliminary procedure, the following mixtures were produced:
(A) cow’s milk-sugar chocolate; (B) soymilk-molasses chocolate; (C) cow’s
milk-molasses chocolate; (D) soymilk-sugar chocolate. Testing for taste,
appearance, texture, and odor were then procured for all four mixture. The
ranking are as following: (D)-(A)-(B)-(C). Through further analysis, it has
been discerned that soymilk had been feasible to substitute cow’s milk in
chocolate but molasses, however, fail to produce a desirable taste which was
characteristic of sugar. As the taste test results are examined, it came up
that the soymilk-sugar chocolate was a little more appealing than the classic
cow’s milk-sugar mix.
The new chocolate mix was then made solid with various components
using egg white, batter (margarine), water gulaman (agar), and gelatin. The
gelatin was the best solidifier.
#40
Influence of salinity on bighead fry (aristichthys nobilis)
growth patterns
Carlo Martin H Garcia, Joseph L Canta, Elridge A Gammad, Arsenio Frnaco S
Pineda, Sherwin Paul D Simon
ABSTRACT
Aristichthys nobilis fry were exposed to 0-,2-,4- and 6- ppt salinities for
a duration of 4 weeks. Differences in mean fry weights were observed only
during the third and fourth weeks whereas SGR values were significantly
different at week 3 only. Freshwater (0-ppt) and 2-ppt adapted fry were
heavier that their 4- and 6ppt counterparts (P

ppt were significantly greater at week 3 (P,0.01). fry adapted to 6-ppt salinity
exhibited heavy mortalities. Fry weights and SGR were negatively correlated
with salinity (P

good packaging qualities. These quality to be the 75%-25% starch-whey
combination.
Finally nutritional content of the sheet were analyzed for consumer
knowledge purposes. The sheet contained 13.67% moisture, 5.38% ash and
0.45% to 11% fat.
#43
The effect of varying concentrations of nata de coco
production effluent on the growth of trichoderma
harzianum
Donna Dwan B Kung, Rene C Mendoza, Joy Alinada P Reyes
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to find out if nata de coco production
effluent can be used as an additive to the culture medium of trichoderma
harzianum.
Two culture media were prepared for the fungus-solid and liquid. Each
medium had four treatments: pH 5, 4.5, 4, and 3.5 data was gathered
through measurement of radius of growth, spore count, dry weight and
classification of differences in intensity and occurrence of certain colors in
each replicate between treatments,
The data from spore count and classification of level of color was
disregarded due to lack of data from each replicate. On the other hand,
statistical analysis of dry weight and measurement of radius showed that
the pH 4.5 treatment had the best results in terms of T harzianum weight and
length of growth radius with pH 5 as second best.
There are three possible reasons for these results. It could be that at
extreme pH levels, essential cations become unavailable to the fungus. It
could also be that cell permeability is reduced due to blockade by excess H+
ions of OH-ions of other ions into the cells of the fungi. Lastly, it could be
that the extreme pH levels had affected enzymatic activity in and out of the
cell.
The group therefore conclude that pH 4.5 is the best pH range for T
harzianum to grow profusely.
#44
Investigating the proteolytic activity of the langkuas
extract
Yevgenii Llaneta, Jose Loreto Jr, Christopher Uy
ABSTRACT
The langkuas root’s enzyme is said to have proteolytic properties
comparable to commercial meat tenderizers. The group decided to
investigate if the languas enzyme is a more efficient and cheaper substitute

for papain and bromelin which are obtained by methods which render the
fruits useless for other purposes.
Beef meat treatd with the three enzymes were subjected to a sensory
evaluation test that compared the three enzymes in terms of physical
appearance, odor, taste, texture and general acceptability. Analysis of the
sensory evaluation test showed that there is no significant difference among
the three samples. The proteolytic activity of the three enzymes were tested
using the Buiret assay and results showed that langkuas enzyme exhibited
greater proteolytic activity than the other two enzymes.
#46
Testing of a locally assembled abrasive saw
Alvin Manlapat, Eduardo Symaco Jr, James Earl Tacata, Darwin Te, Paul
Michael Villangca
ABSTRACT
Abrasive saws are general purpose motor driven metal saws that can
cut ferrous and non ferrous metals, as well as glass, ceramics, certain
plastics, hard rubber, and other materials. Because of its versatility, an
abrasive saw is an indispensable machine tool for most machine shops.
Unfortunately, commercial saws are usually too expensive and bulky for most
owners of machine shops.
The purpose of the group’s study was to construct and test an abrasive
metal saw from second-hand materials which would be less expensive yet
more efficient than similar commercial machines.
After construction, the experimental machine, which had a 0.5 hp
motor, was tested for the time it took to cut 1 inch diameter cylindrical iron
rods and was compared to the performance of a commercial saw with a 2 hp
motor. Three abrasive disks of different thicknesses were used. Each
machine’s energy output was also acquired by multiplying the motor’s power
rating with the time it took to cut the metal rods.
Due to flows found in two of the abrasive disks, some of the data were
discarded. Also, the difference of the two machine’s power ratings, made it
impractical to compare the time each machine took to cut the metal rods.
However, it was found through the remaining data that the
experimental machine was cheaper, and used significantly lesser energy than
the commercial one. The group recommends that more studies be made to
compensate for the lost data.
#47
The feasibility of leucaena glauca (ipil-ipil) as component
of culture medium for trichoderma
Ruther Lindsay Mortel, Kalayaan Ira Robert Teodoro, Stephen Roy Tang
ABSTRACT

This project aims to determine if ipil ipil can be used as a component
of culture media for the growth of fungi as a substitute for the commercially
used coconut water. Ipil-ipil leaf extracts were taken by boiling ipil-ipil leaves
in water at a ratio of 300 grams of leaves to 500 milliliters of water. Gulaman
was added. The solution was then boiled to resolve the gulaman in the
extract and allowed to solidify. The resulting medium was inoculated with
fungi of the genus Trichoderma and the amount of fungi found growing in a
similar setup with coconut water agar as the medium after the same
incubation time. Comparative results show no significant difference between
the amount of growth in the two setups.
#48
Production and testing of nata de coco fiber
Jonathan Sahagun, Ritchis De los Santos, Arthur Soriano Jr, George Abad II,
Gorgonio Obusan III
ABSTRACT
Ever since the decline of nata de coco sales in mid 1994, various firms
and scientific institutions have prompted themselves to do studies concerning
nata de coco. These studies usually centered on looking for an alternative
use of nata de coco so as to alleviate the losses suffered from the decline in
its demand.
From informal observation the researchers discovered that the fiber in
edible nata de coco possessed properties which were worth studying. Later
they set up an experiment which tests the various properties of the said fiber.
Nata de coco fiber was extracted from raw slabs using a drying technique
devised by the researchers and these slabs were to be tested on its strength,
water absorption and flammability. Through the strength test the researchers
concluded that nata de coco fiber is a relatively strong material when
subjected to tensile stress, being able to withstand a force of up to 180
newtons. It is, however, very susceptible to shearing stress that is
immediately breaks when applied to it. The flammability test indicates
that nata fiber burns in about 13 seconds with no fumes evolved and minimal
ash. The water absorption test shows that a nata fiber strip could absorb its
own mass in water.
The researchers hope that the data obtained from this experiment will
be of great help to others who will conduct studies on nata de coco.
#49
Comparative study of the antibacterial properties of some
citrus fruits
Eva Sanico, Rommelyn Tresvalles, Francis Benedict Ong, Ramon Manolo
Alcasabas
ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to test the antibacterial properties and the
effectivity of some citrus fruits. Three citrus fruits were used (lemon, orange
and calamansi). Their extracts were tested with a gram negative bacteria
(Escherihia coli) and a gram positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus).
The process used was that of the Paper disc method. Disc were
dipped in the said extracts and then placed on culture treated petri dishes.
After 24-48 hours, effectiveness of the extracts were measured through their
zones of inhibition.
Trial one of the experiment with pure extracts yielded no significant
difference between the four treatments (the fourth being antibiotic) when
subjected to ANOVA statistical test. Trial two yielded a significant difference
between the treatments of lemon, calamansi and antibiotic.
Thus, lemon and calamansi extracts contained defective antibacterial
properties that are comparable to that of the antibiotic used.
#50
Preparation and characterization of dried saluyot
(corchorus olitorius)leaves
Gian Carlo, Ryan Urbino, keith Vitan
ABSTRACT
This is a growing demand for saluyot leaves, especially in Japan, where
it is consumed as tea. This aim of this study is to produce dried saluyot
leaves in both nutritive value and taste.
The dried saluyot leaves produced by the drying process used showed
a marked decrease in percentage protein when compared to fresh saluyot on
a dry-weight basis. Percent carbohydrates increased, as well as percent
ash, while percent fat remained constant. Not enough trials of percent fiber
determination were performed to subject the results to statistical analysis.
The dried leaves were of equally acceptable taste as fresh saluyot leaves
when used in the same soup. The percent decrease in protein was attributed
to the high temperature of the drying process, and the main reason for the
group’s conclusion: that the drying process needs to be improved and kept at
a lower temperature to produce dried saluyot of comparable quality. The
group also recommends that any future study also test the amount of
vitamins in the leaves before and after drying, as well as the shelf life of the
dried saluyot leaves.

#51
Physical and chemical analysis of the PSHS creek soil
Gregorio A Vargas III
ABSTRACT
This research aims to study the physical and chemical aspects of the
Philippine Science High School creek soil.
The physical analysis got high clay content of 89.8% so that the soil
was classified as clay. The chemical analysis using troug method for
phosphorous and Peech and English method for potassium, calcium,
aluminum, and magnesium showed that the values of phosphorous (59 ppm),
potassium (86 ppm), and aluminum (82ppm) exceed the critical levels of
pollutants in the soil.
The high values of potassium, phosphorous and aluminum show that
the PSHS creek soil is polluted.