Draft Assessment of Current Conditions - pmgsy

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 

Ministry of Rural Development 

Draft Assessment of Current Conditions 

Study on Environmental and Social Aspects of 

PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA 

February 2004 

LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 

1.1 Study Background ........................................................................................................... 1 

1.2 Process follow ed.............................................................................................................. 1 

1.3 Field Visits........................................................................................................................ 3 

1.4 Consultations conducted on site ..................................................................................... 6 

2. REVIEW OF LEGISLATION, POLICIES AND DESIGN STANDARDS ........................ 8 

2.1 Legal provisions – Environmental Management ............................................................. 8 

2.2 Legal provisions – Resettlement ..................................................................................... 9 

2.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies Applicable ................................................................... 11 

2.4 Review of Design Standards ......................................................................................... 12 

3. ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT CONDITION ............................................................... 15 

A) Rajasthan............................................................................................................................. 15 

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 15 

3.2 Environment................................................................................................................... 16 

3.3 Socio- Economic environment....................................................................................... 23 

B) Uttar Pradesh...................................................................................................................... 34 

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 34 

3.2 Environment................................................................................................................... 34 


C) Himachal Pradesh............................................................................................................... 50 

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 50 

3.2 Environment................................................................................................................... 50 


D) Jharkhand............................................................................................................................ 67 

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 67 

3.2 Environment................................................................................................................... 67 

3.3 Socio-Economic Environment ....................................................................................... 72 

4. ENVIRONM ENT AND SOCIAL ISSUES ...................................................................... 82

Table 1.1: Selection criteria for districts 

Table 1.2: Districts selected for Site visits 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1.3: Existing characteristics for the districts for PMGSY in the project states 

Table 1.4: Roads Studied 

Table 3.1: Existing Land categories in Rajasthan 

Table 3.2: Profile of the PAPs in the state of Rajasthan 

Table 3.3: Existing Land categories in Uttar Pradesh 

Table 3.4: Profile of the PAPs in the state of Uttar Pradesh 

Table 3.5: Existing Land categories in Himachal Pradesh 

Table 3.6: Types of land use and property rights regimes according to law and custom in 

Tribal Areas 

Table 3.7: Existing Land Width available along sub-projects in sample districts of 

Himachal Pradesh 

Table 3.8: Profile of the PAPs in the state of Himachal Pradesh 


Table 3.10: Profile of the PAPs in the state of Jharkhand 

Table 4-1: Environmental and social issues in the four states


Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna 

1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Study Background 

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched in December 2000 to provide all weather 

road connectivity to 1.6 lakh unconnected Habitations with population of 500 persons or more in the rural 

areas by end of the 10th Plan Period (2007) at an estimated cost of Rs. 60,000 Crores. Ministry of Rural 

Development (MoRD) executes the programme as a centrally sponsored scheme in all the States and Union 

Territories. 

The GoI has approached the World Bank for financial assistance for the PMGSY activities carried out in the 

states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jharkhand. The MoRD has appointed M/s LEA 

Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd as consultants to undertake this study to provide with (i) an unbiased review of 

the environmental and social aspects of the PMGSY (ii) identify potential environmental and social risks in 

PMGSY and (iii) recommend associated mitigation mechanisms for the identified risks. The three stages of the 

study are: 

Stage I: Review & Assessment of current practices/policies and guidelines 

Stage II: 

Recommendation & Formulation of Environmental & Social Management Framework 

(ESMF) 

Stage III: Preparation of EMP/RAP/IPDP for first year corridors in accordance with ESMF 

The present report pertains to the findings of the stage I, Review and Assessment of the current practices in 

the four states. These findings form the base for identification of the key environmental & social impacts 

and Safeguard risks. This review has been based on site visits to 105 contracts taken up / proposed to be 

taken up under the PMGSY program and the review of the available guidelines for the project. 

1.2 Process followed 

1.2.1 Selection of sample districts 

For the study, a representative sample of 18 districts has been chosen based on environmental, social and 

economic characteristics (Table 1.1). 

Table 1-1: Selection criteria for districts 

Environmental characteristics 

Physiography 

Climate 

Sensitive areas 

Literacy rates 

Social characteristics 

Tribal districts 

Access to infrastructure (Social) 

Level of urbanisation 

Economic characteristics Agriculture productivity 

Investment levels 

The selection process ensures that the environmental and social characteristics of the different regions in these 

states are represented. The districts identified for study were finalized after discussion with the MoRD/WB 

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and their observations are incorporated into fine tuning of selection criteria. The districts selected are 

presented in Table 1.2. 

Table 1-2: Districts selected for Site visits 

State Districts 

Churu 

Banswara 

Rajasthan 

Bhilwara 

Uttar Pradesh 


Jharkhand 

Bundi 

Jhalawar 

Rampur 

Etah 

Hardoi 

Bahraich 

Azamgarh 

Banda 

Mirzapur 

Kullu 

Lahul & Spiti 

Mandi 

Hazaribag 

Dumka 

West Singhbhum 

To identify the development level of each physiographic region, the current environmental, social, economic 

and infrastructure development indicators were analyzed. Though same parameters are taken for each 

physiographic division, the level of development is dependent on the significance level of a particular aspect in 

that region. It provided the ground for identification of intra-region distinctions of the existing development 

levels. Table 1.3 gives the parameters taken into account and analysed to arrive at the districts to be selected 

for site visits. Annexure-1 presents the social, economic and infrastructure development indicators for each 

district. 

In Rajasthan, Bundi, Bhilwara, Banswara and Churu are the districts selected that reveal poor levels of growth 

in developmental sectors of social and economic aspects. Jhalawar is at the developing stage where 

infrastructure development index is low. Banswara represents the tribal district in the state while Churu is the 

district having desert topography marked by sand dunes. 

In Himachal Pradesh, districts from each of the three physiographic regions have been selected. These districts 

also represent different levels of development in terms of social, economic and infrastructure. Kullu being a 

tourist destination with low levels of social infrastructure indices, moderate economic development represents 

a developing scenario. Lahul and Spiti represent the backward region of the state with poor levels of social, 

economic and infrastructure development indices. Mandi being a main marketing hub reveals moderate rates 

of social, economic and infrastructure development indices. 

Uttar Pradesh has varied physiographic regions and developmental levels. Most of the districts in the state that 

are selected can be classified as backward in terms of developmental rates except for Hardoi and Mirzapur that 

are identified as the developing regions. 

West Singhbhum, Hazaribagh and Dumka are the districts selected from Jharkhand. Despite economic 

expansion owing to mineral exploitation, low levels of social development indices are observed in West 

Singhbhum. On the other hand, Hazaribag has poor economic rates of growth and high forest cover while 

Dumka has considerable size of tribal population. 

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1.2.2 Selection of roads for the visit 

PMGSY project provides for construction of all weather roads to provide for the following: New 

connectivity to unconnected settlements; 

Upgradation and widening of existing earthen tracks; 

Widening of existing roads; and 

The selection of roads for site visit were finalized after discussion with the district officials and was taken to 

select roads that pass through sensitive areas. Major environmental and social issues that were considered for 

selection of the roads are: (i) forests (ii) geologically unstable areas (iii) procurement of materials (iv) loss of 

trees, (v) water bodies (vi) tribal population and (vii) problem areas in land take / voluntary donation. A 

representative sample under each of the above proposals undergoing in the district, under various stages of 

implementation are chosen for the study. 

1.3 Field Visits 

With a view to assess the current environment and social issues and to drawup standards to be adopted to 

address them, site visits were undertaken in selected districts. The site visits are aimed at testing the compliance 

of the standards (Government and CRRI etc) during project preparation and implementation on a sample 

basis. 

Contracts within the chosen districts were preferred on the basis of their representation of the existing status 

of implementation of PMGSY projects in the district. Teams were formed who visited the states in view to 

identify issues pertaining to the environmental and social aspects based on their observations and consultations 

with local groups in June and July 2003. These teams comprised of experts from environmental and social 

background. Table 1.4 presents the number of roads studied under each stage of the project. Aspects studied 

in these roads are broadly classified under the following heads. 

Selection: Methodology adopted by the PIU in selection of the roads for construction is studied 

closely. This also included review of the District Rural Roads Plan (DRRP) and Core network. 

Project Preparation & Approval: The methodology of preparation of the Detailed Project Report 

(DPR) and items included as part of the design are reviewed. Role of various authorities in 

preparation & approval of the DPR are also studied. Extent of scrutiny by the PIU/STA is assessed 

for each district. 

Construction Practices: Environmental and social issues arising/considered under each stage of the 

project are identified. Current practices of the contractor in dealing with likely issues are studied. 

Availability of Land: Since majority of issues are arising out of land availability, this is given a special 

attention in the study. The process of land take and issues arising are identified. 

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State ACRP Region Districts 

Rajasthan 

Uttar Pradesh 

Southern Plains Bhilwara 

Eastern Plains Bundi 

Western Arid Churu 

Southern Plateau Jhalawar 

Southern Plains Banswara 

North Eastern Plains 

Table 1-3: Existing characteristics for the districts for PM GSY in the project states 

Bahraich 

Region 4(2) Azamgarh 

Vindhyan Mirzapur 

Central plains Hardoi 

North Western Plains Rampur 

Reasons for Selection 

Environmental Aspects Social Aspects 

Low level of urbanisation, female 

Economic Aspects Infrastructure Development 

Plain topography with few marked 

hillocks and considerable area 

under wasteland (27%) 

literacy and gender ratio and high 

rural poverty along with Tribal 

population and density of 

population 

Economically developing district 

based on textile industries 

Well developed infrastructure but 

lacks in access to medical facilities 

Flat terrain, balanced utilisation of 

water but prone to occasional 

floods 

Arid region with no forests, desert 

soil, low water holding capacity 

and soil erosion 

Undulating terrain with 

considerable forest area 

Flat terrain with undulations in 

form of hillocks and considerable 

area under wasteland 

Flat terrain with significant area 

under cropping with meager land 

under forest 

Flat terrain with insignificant area 

under forest cover 

Undulating terrain marked by hills 

with dense forest cover 

Flat terrain marked by vast area 

under cultivation and meagre 

forest cover 

Plain topography with agriculture 

as predominant land use and no 

forest cover 

Low literacy levels especially in 

rural areas and lower urbanisation 

rates 

Lower levels of social 

development especially in literacy 

Moderate levels of social 

development characterized lower 

rates of urbanization and literacy 

Tribal district with significant 

numbers of tribal population 

having low level of urbanisation, 

female literacy and gender ratio 

and high rural poverty 

Socially backward district with 

poor gender ratio, literacy rates 

and urbanisation levels 

Under developed society with low 

literacy and urbanisation levels 

Developing society in social terms 

with low levels of urbanisation 

Moderate level of social 

development 

Low level of social development 

Considerable agriculture and 

mineral output representing a 

growing economy 

Needs investment in economy 

along with low value of 

production and animal husbandry 

is prevalent 

Moderate levels of economic 

development representing a 

growing district economy 

Moderate levels of value of 

production but poor credit and 

deposit rates 

Economically under developed 

districts with low per capita bank 

deposits and credits 

Economically developing in terms 

of value of production but poor 

levels of deposit and credit ratios 

Economically developing base 

with moderate rates of bank 

deposits and credits 

Economically developing base 

with growing agricultural base 

Agriculture based economy with 

low rates of bank deposits and 

credit 

High infrastructure development 

index 

Poor infrastructure development 

index and access to facilities 

Though poor development index, 

accessibility to health and 

educational facilities is satisfactory 

Low level of infrastructure 

development 

Lowest infrastructure 

development index in state with 

poor access to facilities 

Poor in terms of infrastructure 

development index, need for 

improvement in health and 

educational facilities 

Moderate level of infrastructure 

development 

Low level of infrastructure 

development with inadequate 

medical facilities 


development 

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State ACRP Region Districts 

Jharkhand 


South Western Plains Etah 

Bundelkhand Banda 

Chhota Nagpur Hills 

Chhota Nagpur Plateau 

Hazaribag 

West Singbhum 

Dumka 

Region 1 Mandi 

Region 2 Kullu 

Region 3 Lahul and Spiti 

Reasons for Selection 

Environmental Aspects Social Aspects Economic Aspects Infrastructure Development 

Plain topography with meager 

forest area and vast agriculture 

land 

Moderately developed district in 

terms of social aspects 

Economically poor developed 

with moderate rates of value of 

production and low bank deposits 

and credits 

Infrastructure development is 

moderate 

Plateau region marked by 

undulating terrain and ravines 

Low levels of social development 

Economically under developed as 

low per capita bank deposits and 

credits 

Poor infrastructure development 

Undulating terrain with steep 

slopes marked by soil erosion, 

significant forest cover and rich in 

mineral base 

Developing society in terms of 

literacy, urbanisation and other 

social aspects 

Inspite of rich mineral base, low 

rates of economic development as 

evident form low per capita bank 

deposits and credit 

Low infrastructure development 

index 

Undulating topography marked by 

hills with significant area under 

wasteland, natural vegetation and 

rich in mineral resources 

Moderate levels of social 

development with low rural 

literacy 

Though economically developing 

district, low value of bank deposits 

and value of production 

Low infrastructure development 

index 

Plain topography with small 

hillocks with considerable area 

covered by natural vegetation and 

forests 

Backward in terms of social 

development, urbanisation and 

sizeable tribal population 


Very low infrastructure 

development 

Low hills with considerable area 

under forests and natural 

vegetation 

Lower rates of urbanisation and 

literacy 

Economically developed as main 

market centre 

Infrastructure development is 

considerable 

High hills with considerable area 

under forests and natural 

vegetation, prone to soil erosion 

and landslides 

Alpine region with high hills and 

Pressure on land as tourist 

destination and moderate social 

development levels 

Moderately growing economic 

base 

Poor road connectivity and low 

infrastructure development index 

steep slopes, landslides, glacial 

movements and soil erosion are 

common, vast area under dense 

forest 

Socially advancing society though 

lower literacy rates compared to 

state 



development and accessibility 

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Table 1-4: Roads Studied 

States 

Completed 

Stages of Projects 

Under construction Proposed 

Total 

Rajasthan 18 7 14 39 

Uttar Pradesh 14 14 8 36 

Himachal Pradesh 7 5 7 19 

Jharkhand 3 7 3 13 

Total 40 33 31 107 

1.4 Consultations conducted on site 

The site visits carried out for the selected four states constituted interactions with the implementing agency 

(Public Works Department, Rural Engineering Services, Rural Engineering Organization and Department of 

Rural Development), contractors and local community. List of officials met during the site visits is presented 

in Annexure 1.2. PWD officials for each district detailed out the procedure involved for the contracts 

selection and implementation and accompanied the teams during site visits as well. The local population was 

also consulted in order to understand the issues and problems faced by them during and after implementation 

of the project. An understanding of the role of PRI was also studied by meeting the village Pradhan and 

Sarpanch. 

Along each of the corridors, focus group discussions/village meetings were conducted. The following issues 

were discussed: 

1. Whether any consultation was conducted by the PIU or any other agency regarding alignment fixation and 

road construction? 

2. If yes, who were the participants in the meetings? 

Man/Women/PRI members/Representative of the implementing agency/Any other agency 

3. What were the main points of discussions? 

4. What was the process involved for approval of alignment? 

5. Was documentation of the discussion undertaken? 

6. Was peg marking carried out before initiation of construction work? 

7. Did any villager lose his land during construction of the road? 

8. What is the extent of land lost? 

9. What was the process adopted for land donation in such instances? 

10. Did it involve legal transfer of land? 

11. Has land donation affected your livelihood/source of income? 

12. Were any community land, property, and religious structures affected? 

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13. Was tree cutting involved during construction? 

14. Any other impact identified due to the project? 

15. Any environmental and social issues felt by the community due to construction work (Borrow area, 

Construction waste, location of camping sites, Movement of heavy machineries, others.) 

16. If yes, details and what are their suggestions? 

17. Whether the villager’s skill and knowledge incorporated for mitigation measures? 

18. Were villagers employed in the construction work? 

19. If yes, what kind of work undertaken? 

20. Were women also employed during construction work? 

21. What was the wage structure and whether timely payment of wages? 

22. Whether suggestions and demand of villagers incorporated? 

23. Were there any health impacts owing to the project work or migrant labourers? 

24. Any social conflicts due to migrant laborers during construction work? 

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2. REVIEW OF LEGISLATION, POLICIES AND DESIGN 

STANDARDS 

2.1 Legal provisions – Environmental Management 

A review of the legislations of Government of India (GoI) as well as other state level laws applicable for 

PMGSY regarding environmental and social aspects is carried out and their applicability is presented in the 

following sections. 

2.1.1 Environmental Clearance from MoEF 

In April 1997, a notification was issued by MOEF amending Schedule-I of the EIA Notification, 1994 that 

lists projects requiring Environmental Clearance. MoEF is the responsible agency for implementing the 

provisions of the notification. The 1997 Notification states: 

“…Environmental Clearance from the MoEF is not required for Highway projects relating to improvement work including 

widening and strengthening of roads with marginal land acquisition 1 along the existing alignments provided the highways do not 

pass through ecologically sensitive areas such as National Parks, Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserve, Reserve Forests etc.” 

Applicability: It is important to note that the width of land required for the sub-projects is less than 12m 

and does not exceed the marginal land acquisition specified. Therefore, as a rule, all sub-projects are 

exempted from environmental clearance apart from roads through ecologically sensitive areas. Also, the EIA 

notification would be applied to sub-projects involving construction of Tarred roads in Himachal Pradesh 

exceeding a length of 5 km. 

2.1.2 Forest Clearances 

The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 (as amended 1998) pertains to the cases of diversion of forest area and 

felling of roadside plantation. 

Applicability: Restrictions and clearance procedure proposed in the Forest (Conservation) Act applies 

wholly to the sub-projects requiring diversion of natural forest areas, even in case the protected/designated 

forest area does not have any vegetation cover. 

2.1.3 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, as amended in 1988 

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 is enacted to prevent pollution of water sources 

through the industrial or any other construction activity and for maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness 

of water. 

1 Marginal land acquisition is defined by the MoEF as “land acquisition not exceeding 20m on either side of the existing right-of-way”. 

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Applicability: Project includes setting up of worker’s camp and other construction equipment. The 

Contractor needs to take consent for setting up and also consent for operation of the equipment/worker’s 

camp. 

2.2 Legal provisions – Resettlement 

2.2.1 73 rd Constitution Amendment Act, 1992 

In 1992, the Indian Constitution was amended through the 73 rd Constitution Amendment Act to empower 

the Panchayati Raj Institutions in preparation and implementation of development programs. 

Applicability: Provides involvement of the PRIs especially, the Gram Sabha/Panchayat during project 

preparation and implementation. The provisions under the Act empower the PRIs at the appropriate levels to 

implement the project activities. 

2.2.2 Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 

The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 is enacted to safeguard and preserve traditions and 

customs of tribal community and prevent alienation from their homelands. 

Applicability: The Approval of plans, land acquisition and safeguard mechanism consistent with the existing 

customary laws and practices through Gram Panchayat will achieve legal sanctity through this act. The PRIs 

will be the responsible agency to implement the tasks involved as per the provisions of the Act. 

2.2.3 Freedom of Information Act, 2002 

The Freedom of Information Act, 2002, is enacted to secure access to information under the control of 

public authorities. 

Applicability: It empowers people to obtain information on the project. To facilitate project stakeholders 

obtain requisite project information PMGSY provides for dissemination of information and procedures, 

entitlements, project costs, selection criteria for contractor etc. The PI will be the responsible agency to 

provide the required information pertaining to the project to the desired individual. The information 

dissemination will also be undertaken by the PIU through the PRIs at the grass root/village level. 

2.2.4 Other State Level legislations 

Apart from the above, the acts applicable at State level in the project states, especially for land reforms and 

for empowering Panchayati Raj Institutions are as listed below. 

For Land Reforms: 

Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 

An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to tenancies of agricultural lands and to provide 

for certain measures of land reforms and matters connected therewith. 

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Applicability: Under the terms of lease, the lessee has the right to transfer his rights and shall have 

all rights of a lessor as per the Tenancy Act. In such case, the MoU for voluntary donation of land 

shall be between the PIU/ Government and the lessee. 

UP Land Zamindari Abolition and Land Reform Act, 1950 

The Act abolishes the zamindari system involving intermediaries between the State and cultivators. It 

empowers the tillers of the soil to have propitiatory rights over the land they till. 

Applicability: The transfer of land parcel likely to be affected shall be in accordance to the legal 

rights of the land tenure holder. The provision of the Act prohibits the division of the holding that 

is 3 1/8 acres or less (Uneconomic Holding). Restriction on transfer of land by SC/ST by way of 

sale, gift, mortgage or lease any land to a person not belonging to SC/ST. 

Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 for restricting transfer of land of SC/ST in Jharkhand 

Restricts or prohibits transfer of land by SC/ST/ backward classes to any member of non-SC/ST. 

However, for public purposes the land can be donated to the “State” in the name of the Governor. 

Applicability: Transfer of tribal land shall be done through these provisions. 

Santhal Paraganas Tenancy (Supplementary Provisions) Act, 1949 for restricting transfer of land in 

Jharkhand 

The act codifies the customary laws relating to exchange of raiyati2 lands in six districts of 

Jharkhand3 . The act provides that no transfer by a raiyat of his right on his holding or portion 

thereof by sale, gift, mortgage, will lease or an other contract or agreement, express or implied, shall 

be valid unless the right of transfer has been recorded in the record-of-rights, to the extent to which 

such right is so recorded. The Act does not allow the transfer of land to the state even for public 

purposes. 

Applicability: Same procedures can be used in case of PMGSY for transfer of land. 

For Panchayati Raj Institutions: 

Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Amendment Act, 1994 

Authorises the Panchayat to act as the agencies involved during programme planning and 

implementation. 

Applicability: 

Provides for PRI involvement in R&R planning 

Approval of rural road plan and core network by Intermediate & District Panchayat. 

Involvement of gram sabha during: 

o Finalisation of alignment 

o Identification of entitled persons 

o Disbursement of assistance 

2 Raiy at means a person not being a landlor d, who has acquired a right to hold land for the purpose of cultivating it by himself or by members of 

his family or by hired servants; and includes the successor in interest of a person who has acquired such a right. 

3 Districts of Ranchi, Singhbhum, Latehar sub-division & Bhandari block of Garhwa sub-division in Palamu, Dumka, Pakur, Rajmahal & Jamtara 

sub-division, Sundar Pahari & Baorijor blocks of Godda sub-division in Santhal Paragana district. 

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o Monitoring of R&R implementation 

Himachal Pradesh Panchayati Raj Act, 1992 

Authorises the Panchayats to act as the agencies involved during programme planning and 






o Finalization of alignment 




Kshetra Samiti and Zilla Parishad Adhiniyam Amendment, 1994 in case of Uttar Pradesh for 

regularizing Panchayati Raj Institutions. 

Authorises the Panchayats to act as agencies involved during programme planning and 

implementation. The State Government shall establish for each block a Kshetra Panchayat while the 

Zila Parishad acts the channel between the Government and local institutions at the grass root level. 


Identification of private land likely to be impacted and their legal and tenurial rights during transect 

walk. Any land width accretion shall be in consultation and approval of the Gram Sabha. The 

identification and allocation of alternate land site for the vulnerable PAPs impacted shall be through 

the Gram Sabha. 

The Gram Sabha shall be involved in: 

Finalisation of alignment 

Identification of entitled persons 

Disbursement of assistance 

Monitoring of R&R implementation 

State Panchayati Raj Act, 2001, Jharkhand 

Authorises the Panchayats to act as the agencies involved during programme planning and 






o Finalisation of alignment 




2.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies Applicable 

The WB safeguard policies applicable to the project are as presented in the Table 2-1. 

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Table 2-1: World Bank Safeguard Policies applicable 

S. No. World Bank Policy Applicable due to 

Project is likely to have impacts on environmental and 

1. Environmental Assessment OP4.01 

social components as on water bodies, existing slopes in 

case of hill areas and on trees along the road 

2. Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Involves affect on assets and livelihood 

3. Indigenous Peoples OD 4.20 

Presence of people belonging to Scheduled Tribes and 

Scheduled Castes 

4. Natural Habitats OP4.04 Project passes adjacent to forest areas 

5. Forests OP 4.36 

Project likely to have efects on health and quality of 

forests 

6. Cultural Properties Draft OP4.11 

The project entails risk / damage to cultural properties 

and has likelihood of finding archeological properties 

Apart from compliance to the above policies, the project will need to comply with the bank procedure, 

BP17.50. Disclosure shall need to be carried out at all stages of the project as at planning stage, prioritization 

stage, project preparation stage and implementation stages. 

2.4 Review of Design Standards 

IRC:SP-20:2002, lays down guidelines for the various aspects of rural roads. The standards laid down are 

suggestions to be followed in the planning, design, construction and maintenance of rural roads. It further 

lays down uniform standards for adoption across the states. It has been stated that the guidelines should be 

applied taking local experience into consideration. But the states have not tailored guidelines to suit the states 

varying conditions. 

The planning and design of PMGSY roads are mandated to follow the IRC:SP-20:2002. However, it is 

observed that these standards could not be followed in any of the four states. The non-compliance was with 

respect to Roadway width, Radius of curves and other features. It is therefore necessary to have a re-look at 

the standards and to-restate the same keeping the environment issues and diverse nature of requirement in 

the various regions of the country. Some of the issues identified due to inadequacies of design are as under. 

2.4.1 Design Speed 

The design speed prescribed in IRC:SP-20:2002 is as given in Table 2-2 

Road Classification 

Rural Roads (ODR 

and VR) 

Table 2-2: Design Speed as per IRC:SP-20:2002 

Design Speed (km/h) 

Plain Terrain Rolling Terrain 

Mountainous 

Terrain 

Steep Terrain 

Ruling Min. Ruling Min. Ruling Min. Ruling Min. 

50 40 40 35 25 20 25 20 

The design speed governs the geometric designs of the roads and laying down the minimum radius of curves 

but these design norms could not be complied with for want of adequate land width. 

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2.4.2 Road Land Width/ Right of Way: 

The recommendations of IRC SP20 for land width are indicated in Table 2-3 

Road 

Classification 

Rural Roads 

(ODR and VR) 

Table 2-3: Roadway Width as per IRC:SP-20:2002 

PMGSY programme provides for aligning the roads along revenue tracts and for voluntary donation by the 

land owner. Land width of 15-25m of or full formation of 7.5m is not available at most of the places. 

2.4.3 Height of Road embankment: 

The minimum height of embankment adopted on most of the PMGSY roads was observed as 0.60m even in 

arid and sandy areas. Reduction of average height of embankment in such places would reduce the quantity of 

earth needed for the road construction and would consequently result in lesser width and depth of borrow 

pits. The deep borrow pits become breeding places for mosquitoes and redevelopement of these areas is not 

being carried out. 

2.4.4 Minimum Radii of Curves 

In view of the land restrictions, it has not been possible to adhere to IRC standards for minimum radius of 

curves in most of the cases. 

2.4.5 Side slopes & Road shoulders 

The guidelines for side slopes are indicated in Table 2.7 of IRC:SP-20:2002 but these are not generally 

observed for want of roadway width. The side slopes have been recommended on the basis of the property of 

local soil utilised for embankment but in most of the DPR only the value of CBR had been indicated but full 

details soil profile not indicated. Local borrow soils must be tested as required in the Format 4.1 This would 

provide a rough check on the value of CBR and also ensure use of local soil with or without any modification. 

It would reduce transport of soil in case of clayey soil areas. The slopes as well as the embankments get 

eroded during rainy season effecting road safety. It should be mandatory to mark the toe-lines and compact 

full width of the embankment from the sub-grade level and to ensure that the guidelines of IRC:SP-20:2002 

are strictly followed. 

The shoulders are not protected from erosion and compaction leading to their failure under load and under 

heavy rains. 

2.4.6 Design of Cross-Drainage Works 

Plain and Rolling Terrain Mountainous and Steep Terrain 

Open Area Built-up Area Open Area Built-up Area 

Normal Range Normal Range Normal Exceptional Normal Exceptional 

15 15-25 15 15-25 12 12 12 9 

For small catchments areas IRC:SP-20:2002 has specified size and number of pipes without taking the 

topography of the area into account and without calculating the likely afflux. In plain terrain with low ground 

13



slopes the rise of water cause flooding on the up-stream. The increase of velocity of water passing through 

the pipes cause scour on the down-stream and disturb natural ground. There is a need to properly study the 

hydrology, to limit the afflux and provide adequate waterways. 

2.4.7 Provision of Cattle- Crossings: 

Cattle wealth is an important asset for villagers and the cattle is moved between various paddocks for grazing. 

Many of the new roads may cross their normal routes. However, no cattle crossings for safety of the catle as 

well as for the road users are provided. Crossing of cattle and other farm equipment from the embankment 

sides damages the embankment. 

2.4.8 Intersection with other roads 

Rural roads meet the collector roads of higher category. Design of the junctions as per the IRC:SP-20:2002, 

are not designed. The DPR also does not provide for such junction designs. 

2.4.9 Hill roads 

Following are some of the issues identified specifically in hill roads: 

Alignments passing through sensitive areas as forests; 

Soil erosion and alteration of drainage; 

Soil strata becoming unstable during construction due to absence of thorough geological studies 

indicating location of loose strata; and 

Risks due to blasting 

14

3. ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT CONDITION 

A) Rajasthan 

3.1 Introduction 

The population distribution and density in Rajasthan varies across the physio-geographical regions. The 

population is comparatively dense in the semi-arid and southeastern plains as against the low density in the 

arid regions. More than 50% of the workers are engaged in cultivation. 

Western arid region, characterized by desert topography and low rainfall, has less density of people. This 

region experiences very low rainfall and is prone to droughts. Due to absence of irrigation sources the 

cultivation is rain fed and restricted to the months of June to September. This region is witnessing a serious 

drought for the past three years. 

The plains and plateau regions have considerable population density with major concentration of settlements 

and agricultural activities in areas served by rivers and canals. These represent highly productive regions 

owing to productive soil, adequate rainfall and irrigation facilities. Various regions of the state are identified in 

Map 2-1. 

Map 2- 1: Various agroclimatic region in the state are presented in Map 

15



Western Arid Region Characterising Desert 

Topography 

3.2 Environment 

3.2.1 Climate 

Rich Agricultural Area and Plain Topography 

Rajasthan experiences a tropical climate varying from semi arid to arid conditions with a maximum 

temperature of upto 45 o C in June to a minimum of 3 o C in January. The average annual rainfall is as low as 

150 mm in extreme arid zones and as high as 1000 mm in the southeastern part of the State. Most of the 

rainfall (60-80%) is received with the Southwest monsoon in the period from July to September. 

Climatic factors affecting construction work are: 

Shifting dunes accumulate sand on construction site in arid areas as Churu. This sand is to be towed 

away for restarting the work 

Movement of machinery is not allowed in the post-monsoon as affect is likely on sown area 

Heavy rains during monsoon 

Sand dunes along the roads in Churu Sand piled up along the roadside on Gadesar – 

Sonpalsar road in Churu 

16



3.2.2 Topography 

Relief and topography of the state varies from flat terrain in western and northwestern region to elevated 

plains in the southern area. Desert or arid areas marked by hillocks and sand dunes characterize flat terrain. 

Whereas, elevated plains are characterized with the Aravalli Range as most conspicuous topographic feature 

with elevated plains forming a plateau. 

Natural gradient followed along PMGSY roads as 

evident in Churu 

Ravine area observed along some sections of PMGSY 

roads in Bundi 

In the arid regions, the alignments are routed along existing tracks and the natural gradient is followed. Only 

in cases where a profile correction is required, cut and fill operations are planned. Therefore, no major 

impacts on the general topography are witnessed. 

Desert topography along Ribariya-Mehra-Vanasar 

road in Churu 

Proposed road to Huwaliyan passing through flat area 

in Bundi 

17



3.2.3 Geology 

The geological formations in the state ranges from the 

oldest Archaean, Metamorphites (Schists or Quartzites), in 

the plains and plateau sub-recent, alluvium and sand in the 

western and northwestern parts of the state.. 

No separate studies conducted as regards the geological 

formation but inputs, which are based on some other 

studies conducted, are taken into consideration during the 

design stage. 

3.2.4 Soil Characteristics 

Private mining area for Quartz on LHS of 

approach road to Luhari Khurd in Bhilwara 

Broad soil characteristics fixed by the PWD are used for 

design. Due to time constraints no specific tests are conducted to determine the soil characteristics. Also no 

topsoil conservation is carried out as revealed by the field visits. In 28 of 39 corridors topsoil conservation is 

not done and in rest of the corridors, no topsoil is available. 

Delays caused by sand deposited by strong winds 

cleared by tractors on Gadesar –Sonpalsar road in 

Churu 

3.2.5 Ambient air quality 

Retaining wall provided to avoid sand from coming to 

the road approach road to Gadesar – Sonpalsar road 

Consultations with the contractor and visit to sites under construction revealed that no dust suppression 

measures are being undertaken during earthwork. As a result, high dust concentrations around the 

construction sites are prevalent. Use of water for dust suppression is not a viable option due to scarcity of 

water. The bitumen and aggregates for several PMGSY roads in a package are procured from a centralised 

hot-mix plant, crusher set up by the contractor. As these are sited away from habitations, no significant 

pollution from these sources is witnessed. 

During operation, the project roads are not characterized by high volume of traffic. Therefore, no significant 

increase of pollutants as CO, SOx, SPM etc are anticipated. 

18



3.2.6 Ambient noise levels 

The increased noise levels during construction due to 

operation of heavy vehicles and machinery is a 

temporary impact. Apart from settlements, there are 

usually no sensitive receptors as schools and hospitals 

adjoining the corridors. No management of noisy 

construction activities or regulation of timing of 

construction is currently being followed. 

During the operation stage, the noise levels along the 

project roads are low as there is no heavy vehicular 

traffic. Therefore, no significant impact due to vehicular 

noise is expected. 

3.2.7 Water quality and availability 

Water is a very scarce commodity in arid areas of Rajasthan. The availability of ground water varies across 

regions and the water table is very deep in the arid districts of Churu. The contractor obtains water for 

construction from community sources or private wells/tube well owners. In corridors close to major water 

sources as dams etc., (as in the case of Mahi dam rest house to Kankanseja corridor in district Banswara 

falling under plans of Rajasthan) water is procured from the dam reservoir. 

Tests as per the project guidelines are conducted for validating the physical parameters such as hardness etc. 

Most of the water is obtained either from local village sources or transported by tankers. No deterioration of 

water quality in the water bodies along project corridors is evident. 

Vented causeway on seasonal river Manasi with Anicut on 

LHS gets submerged under rain water (Chandma road in 

Bhilwara) 

Sand obtained from the riverbed for construction 

work in Bundi 

Vented causeway along seasonal nallah on 

approach road to Borda in Bhilwara 

19



3.2.8 Drainage 

Drainage is not an issue in the arid regions, which witness 

very low rains and frequent droughts. Remaining part of 

the state is prone to occasional floods and proper drainage 

needs to be provided for its uninterrupted flow. Though 

there exist provisions for longitudinal drainage, these 

drains are not continuous and are blocked, resulting in 

water logging at certain sections. Cross-drainage structures 

provided to discharge the floodwater across the road are 

inadequate and cause water logging at certain locations. 

During monsoons, the approach road to Huwaliyan gets 

submerged under water upto 6ft. It drains into the Rajput 

Pond at approximately 100m on the RHS. According to the 

Area usually submerged under water after heavy 

rains along Huwaliyan in Bundi, A minor Bridge 

proposed for the section 

PWD officials, the site requires a minor bridge, which they may plan to execute under, the state funds if not 

permitted under PMGSY. 

In areas of the western part of state as in Churu district, no drainage channels exist; hence there is no 

provision for CD structures in the corridors. No alteration of drainage pattern is envisaged in the corridors 

visited. 

Proposed site for upgrading CD structure along the 

Luhari Khurd road in Bhilwara 

Flush causeway in section where water flows overtop 

the approach road to Gathila Kheda in Bhilwara 

Proposed site for culvert on approach road to 

Huwaliyan, waiting for forest clearance 

Side drains draining out water in vented causeway, 

on approach road to Baland in Bhilwara District 

20



3.2.9 Flora and Fauna 

The arid areas are not rich in vegetation and the natural vegetation is of desert shrubs apart from dry bushes 

and grass. Acacia and a few thorny tree species is characteristic flora of the region. The southern and eastern 

part of the state has Dry Forest and Tropical Forest with Teak and Boswellia Sarata are the predominant 

species. 

Forest area along the Chandma in Bhilwara Thorn bushes along roads are common site in the 

state 

Roads passing through the forest are avoided from selection wherever possible. However, along certain 

sections where the acquisition of forestland is inevitable, clearances are being obtained in accordance with the 

provisions of the Forest Conservation Act (1980). The felling of trees is minimized to the extent possible. In 

certain cases, trees are left without clearing within the roadway. 

3.2.10 Land utilization 

Agriculture is the pre dominant land use in the semi arid regions while in the western arid region it is 

uncultivable wastelands. Resistance from the landowners to provide the required land can be seen in the 

fertile soil areas. 

The ownership or status of the land is not ascertained while planning or implementation of the project. So 

there is no special consideration for the grazing land.. 

3.2.11 Procurement of construction material 

Locally available materials are used in the construction of the PMGSY roads. In majority of the PMGSY 

roads, material for earthwork has been from the roadside while the other construction material is brought 

from the quarries notified by the Government or PWD. There is no resistance from the local population in 

taking material from private lands in western arid parts while in the other regions of the state, borrowing 

from private lands is an issue of concern. 

21



Borrow area long road side left without redevelopment 

as acts as natural water source after rains 

Stagnant water in the borrow areas along roads left 

without redevelopment 

No redevelopment of the borrow areas is proposed as part of the contractor’s scope of work. In case of 

Jhalawara district, Pipaliya to Aroliya road people have started filling the borrow areas with quarry wastes 

from the stones mines which are dumped by the quarry owners without any cost. 

3.2.12 Safety Concerns 

There are no provisions for public safety concerns in the project. During construction either the traffic gets 

blocked or try passing through the stretch under construction, as no diversions are proposed. Provision of 

guide stones and parapets in undulating topography are not considered under the project. 

In the case of Moyakhari road in Jhalawar district there is a siphon of the irrigation department crossing the 

road. The walls of the siphon used to be higher than the road level. With the road construction under 

PMGSY, the road is elevated over the siphon wall. But no effort has been taken to increase the height of the 

siphon wall. The villagers are facing problems as animals are falling into the siphon. Irrigation department as 

well as the PWD is shifting the responsibility to each other for increasing the siphon wall. 

3.2.13 Worker’s safety 

The skilled workers are usually provided houses taken on rent in the villages. At times, schools and other 

buildings are used as labour camps. The contractor provides for the accommodation, and the labourers have 

to make their own arrangement for food and other requirements. Majority of the unskilled labour are from 

the same village or nearby villages as this provides them with additional sources of income. No sanitary and 

other facilities are provided in both the cases. Personal safety devices for construction laborers were found 

generally lacking. Even in cases where provision of such equipments, as helmets, boots were available, the 

usage amongst the laborers was not significant. Though there are no regular health check up facilities, tie-ups 

with existing health facilities by the contractors was observed to take care of emergencies and accidents on 

site. 

22



3.3 Socio- Economic environment 

3.3.1 Land Categories in the state 

The existing land categories in the state can be broadly classified into the following categories; 

Private Land: These are land, which are under individual ownership and can be transferred through the 

existing legislation except for land owned by tribals where it can be sold to the tribals. 

Gram Sabha land includes 

Lal dora: In Rajasthan, land reserved for residential purpose is known as Lal dora. In case of such 

lands the people residing in such land are the entitled to usufruct rights but do not have title for the 

plot of land. In such cases under the present regulation system, these people are not eligible to any 

compensation under the Land Acquisition Act in case their lands are acquired for “public purpose1”. 

Grazing lands: The grazing lands in Rajasthan called pasuchar, are usually protected land but can be 

transferred for public purpose under notification of the Governor. 

Government Lands: The title of these lands rest with the Government, they can be transferred from to the 

Government for “public purpose”. 

Government Department Lands: Land under the ownership of different departments can be transferred to 

the PWD for public purpose under the existing laws. 

The legal status of each land category is presented in Table 3.1. 

Land Category Legal Status 

Table 3-1: Existing Land categories in Rajasthan 

Private Land Individual property heritable rights vested with owner, can be transferred as per present laws 

Gram Sabha Land Land can be transferred for public uses as per notification of Governor for public purposes 

Government Land Different government institutions can transfer land as per existing laws 

3.3.2 Land Availability in sub-projects 

In the state of Rajasthan, The revenue tracks have been in existence for long and have been the traditional 

routes of communication for the villages. Though the available width is of the range 6-8m, the effective width 

available for movement is between 3-5m, and is encroached upon by the agricultural landowners. This 

practice is witnessed in most of the contracts visited. 

1 The Public Purpose as defined in Section 3(f) vii of the Land Acquisition Act 1894 as “the provision of land for any other schemes sponsored 

by the Government , or with prior approval of the appropriate Government, by a local authority” 

23



3.3.3 Need for land width accretion 

Unconnected villages with an exiting revenue track are taken up for implementation under Phase – I. The 

width of these revenue tracks varies between 6-8m. As no new connectivity on a fresh formation is envisaged, 

the requirement of procuring private lands has been minimized. The need for additional private land arises 

when the existing revenue track is not sufficient to accommodate the proposed cross-sections, along the rural 

sections. In case of village areas, the width of the road is always restricted to the available width between the 

structures. 

Road section in village Huwaliyan where width 

constricted by land availability 

The extent of additional private land taken up for road construction in the various contracts visited varies 

upto a maximum of 2-3m. There is no case of displacement due to PMGSY apart from the encroachments, 

which are removed along the project roads and the revenue tracks. 

Issues related to procuring the additional land differs markedly between the arid regions and rest of the State. 

In arid areas there has been no marked issues related to the local population pertaining to land and property 

affected. This can be attributed to the fact that since the land is sandy and unproductive, there is no resistance 

from the local people in parting with the land. 

In other areas, along certain corridors there are instances of farmers not willing to part with their land. 

Though not a serious concern of these farmers, lack of provisions of compensation for land acquired was 

questioned. 

3.3.4 Minimization of impacts 

Availability of land width in village section in 

Sameliya 

The proposed carriageway width is 3.75m with shoulders of 1.5m. At places where the land availability is less, 

the c/w width is maintained at 3.75m while the width of shoulders are modified as per the land available. In 

the village sections, the pavement width is constricted according to the land available. 

Even along the rural sections, there are instances where the cross-section is constricted due to non-availability 

of the desired land width of 6-8m. Several examples can be sited as in the case of approach road to 

24



Bhamarbore in Banswara district where the road is constructed in ‘S’ shape with blind curves to avoid 

displacement. 

Approach road to Bhamarbore in Banswara and Approach road to Vanasar in Churu following the available 

revenue track to avoid impact on private land 

There has been a dispute of land ownership for 100m 

of land on LHS of the corridor where the old village 

track was passing through private land. The landowner 

who was a farmer complained to the contractor and 

approached the PWD officials in Bundi. Since the 

farmer was not ready to donate the land and asked for 

due compensation, the Revenue Department was 

approached to do peg marking and identify the revenue 

track. As a result the alignment has been shifted. 

. 

Farmer not ready to part with his land without 

compensation for construction of road 

The revenue tracks have been in existence for long and have been the traditional routes of communication 

for the villages. Though the available width is of the range of 6-8m, the effective width available for 

movement is between 3-5m, and is encroached upon by the agricultural landowners. 

Existing revenue tracks representing long established routes for village connectivity taken up for PMGSY 

25



3.3.5 Community Profile and Characteristics of PAPs including Tribal Community 

In the state of Rajasthan, the natural regions range from the Desert topography in the western districts to well 

irrigated districts in northern and central areas. The eastern, central and southern portion has nearly plain 

topography with few hillocks. A very narrow belt of undulating topography characterized by Aravalli in the 

Southwest and plateau in the southern most parts of the state. 

The districts and villages in the plain areas of southern and eastern region have higher concentration of 

population owing to flat terrain, fertile soil and a comparatively adequate supply of water provided by 

Ghaggar, Luni-Jawai aand Chambal- Banas drainage systems. On the contrary the southern plateau region is 

marked by scattered but high population concentrations. The district of Banswara is a notified Scheduled 

Tribal Area with approximately 75% population belonging to tribal community. In addition, several pockets 

of tribal population have been observed in villages of Bhilwara and Bundi. 

3.3.6 Project Affected Persons 

The community consultations in the 39 villages of the 5 districts visited revealed that the PAPs belonged to 

the vulnerable groups of SC and ST. There has been impact in terms of donation of land by BPL and 

households with uneconomic land holding in the state. Majority of the PAPs are cultivators and also working 

as agricultural labourers. Table 3.2 provides provide the profile of the PAPs consulted during community 

consultation in the state. 

Churu 

District 

No of 

Corridors 

visited 

Table 3-2: Profile of the PAPs in the state of Rajasthan 

No of PAPs HH Scheduled 

Caste 

Scheduled 

Tribe 

Vulnerable Households 

Below 

Poverty 

Line 

Women 

Headed 

Households 

Handicap Uneconomic 

Land Holding 

Banswara 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Bhilwara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bundi 2 1 1 2 0 0 1 

Jhalawar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Source: Community Consultations in villages along project corridors. 

3.3.7 Project Displaced Persons 

Along no corridor, there has been displacement of any person or asset due to the project. 

3.3.8 Indigenous People 

Consultations in the villages along project in tribal areas had no formal consultations with the PIU to 

ascertain concerns related to PMGSY road in tribal areas. No studies assessing the socio-economic, cultural 

characteristics or other laws and policies governing their systems and identifying their tenural rights have been 

conducted. No tribal development plans are prepared to address the issues that would arise during 

26



construction. No specific plans / measures are taken in these regions to avoid or mitigate impacts on these 

communities as they are positively impacted due to the project. 

3.3.9 Nature and Extent of Impact 

3.3.9.1 Land 

The state of Rajasthan has varied topography and climate which is reflected in the land holding size. In the 

sandy district of Churu, the average land holding size is 7-10ha with PAPs having a land holding of 4-6ha. In 

Bhilwara it varies from 2-3ha while in rest of the districts visited it ranges from 1-2ha. Along majority of the 

corridors, the average land width required for donation has been between 1-2m without marginalizing any of 

the landowners land holding. The farmers in the fertile areas pose resistance to donation of land and ask for 

compensation of land taken for the project. In the tribal district of Banswara, there has been donation of land 

as reported during consultation by 1 tribal person. 

3.3.9.2 Structure 

There has been no impact on the structures along the PMGSY corridors in the state of Uttar Pradesh 

3.3.9.3 Livelihood 

The impact on the livelihood of the villagers has been negligible. This can be attributed to the construction of 

road & related activities during non-harvesting season. As a result, the standing crops are not affected by the 

project. In the plain and plateau regions of the State, villagers do not allow construction works when the 

crops are ready for harvest. This causes delay in commencement of construction works. No impacts are 

identified on the standing crops due to the project. 

3.3.9.4 Issues due to borrowing /material procurement 

The earth for construction is usually obtained by borrowing earth from within the existing revenue track. 

Along stretches where the land required for borrowing is not available, the contractor procures borrow 

material from the adjoining lands. The landowner has little option for resenting this action as it is usually 

communicated that the construction will be abandoned if the earth is not given. As the redevelopment or 

flattening of the borrow area is not done, the utility of the land parcels for sowing/cultivation is reduced. 

An instance in Bundi district has been known where the farmer did not allow the contractor to take material 

from his filed for earthwork along approach road to Anthara. Only after the pressure from the Sarpanch and 

PWD officials, they agreed to it. The topsoil in this case was piled up in the field and later spread back. 

27



Material for earthwork taken from the agricultural land along the Kota Khurd road in Bundi 

3.3.9.5 Irrigation Facilities 

The irrigation facility to agricultural lands on either side of the track is connected through pipes below the 

revenue tracks. During site visits and interactions with the community, it was revealed that these links are 

maintained and consideration for laying new pipes is also given to the farmers prior to stabilization of the 

embankments. 

Irrigation facility un-interrupted along project roads 

28



3.3.9.6 Drainage issues – post construction 

With the level of road is raised, water flows into 

the houses in absence of side drains in village 

portion where stone pitching has been done. 

3.3.9.7 Other Assets 

Impact on common property resources 

The common properties such as wells, water taps, 

hand pumps, and ponds were avoided while 

constructing the roads. Also, any other property 

or open land that is valuable for local community 

to hold festivals etc are also avoided. 

Impact on cultural properties 

Religious structures such as temples and 

mazaars along the roads have been avoided 

through change in alignments, constriction of 

the proposed cross-sections etc. The project 

roads do not involve either removal or shifting 

of any of these properties. 

Mazaar in field avoided along Chandma road in 

Bhilwara 

Raised platform levels in Raithal Village 

Dismantling or shifting of hand pump avoided along 

Gathila Kheda road in Bhilwara 

A temple located at the carriageway edge on Raithal – 

Aibra road in Bundi 

29



Impact on Access to Minor Forest Produce / Common Property Resource 

Along no corridor in the tribal areas or village with tribal population has been impacted in terms of restriction 

or loss of access to CPRs and MFPs. 

3.3.9.8 Temporary Impacts 

Disruption to normal Traffic 

As the existing track is blocked for construction and these tracks are the only connections to the habitations, 

no alternate routes for movement of vehicles exist. The vehicles ply on the existing track after the work stops 

for the day. 

Quality of Life during construction 

These included increased noise levels during construction, dust due to earthworks etc and are experienced for 

a very short duration. Though these impacts were not raised by the communities, consideration of these 

issues by the contractor through regulating timings of usage of heavy equipments, dust suppression etc will 

minimize the extent of impacts. 

Employment for local population 

Unskilled labour is being engaged from the villages along the alignment. Participation of people in 

construction activities is present in all packages and is engaged at Rs. 60 - 80 per day. Female also worked on 

road construction. Increased employment opportunities and diversification into construction activities from 

the seasonal agricultural activities is seen in the villages. Along one corridor, there has been delays in 

payments to the villagers who worked as unskilled ;labour during construction work. 

Issues related to movement of vehicles and machinery 

The PMGSY guidelines specify use of pavers and other heavy equipments for construction to ensure the 

quality of construction. Many of these equipments require a turning radius of upto 10m, which is usually not 

available along the project roads. Use of such machinery would impact the surrounding land due to trampling. 

Impacts on Land and people during construction 

Movement of construction machinery as rollers and earthmoving equipment on the adjacent lands have 

temporary impacts during construction. No other impacts are occurring to the people during this stage. 

Labour is available from the local villages but skilled labour stays in the nearby areas. The villagers in these 

cases cooperate with the resident labour and there is healthy interaction. No conflict of uses is identified, as 

the numbers of such labour are small. 

30



Safety and Health Impacts 

The aspect of road safety and health has not been 

considered in the villages. 

Pedestrian safety especially at settlement 

stretches and sharp curves is poor and no 

signages were erected. 

The PMGSY provides for cement concrete 

roads with v-shaped drains in village sections 

around the water sources. This has been done to 

avoid damage to the pavement structure. In the 

absence of any definite outfall of these drains, 

these drains are connected to a low-lying area. 

The resultant water logging forms a breeding 

ground for mosquitoes and vectors. 

The borrow areas are not rehabilitated after 

construction. Though not very deep, there are 

locations where animals crossing the road may 

fall. Water logging along these borrow locations 

is an issue in the plains. 

No communicable diseases have spread due to contact with people outside the village so far. As revealed 

from the consultations with the local population, there has been no instance involving spread of any disease 

due to the migrant construction labourer. 

3.3.10 Process for Land Accretion 

3.3.10.1 Identification of locations 

Initial survey conducted by the PIU is based on the visual observation during verification of existing revenue 

track. The procedure adopted for verification of the land does not involve revenue department. The 

assessment of adequacy of the existing land width available involves the identification of locations for 

additional land width accretion. 

3.3.10.2 Ownership verification 

Sharp curves in rural sections without any signboards 

There has been no process involving verification of the existing alignment through revenue records, as the 

involvement of the revenue department is absent or at times minimal. Only in case of any issue raised by the 

landowner along the proposed corridor, the patwari is approached to verify the land ownership of the 

impacted or likely to be impacted land parcel. 

31



3.3.10.3 Dissemination of process 

At no stage of project implementation, the information pertaining to the project features, alignment details 

and schedule of work is formally disseminated among the community. 

3.3.10.4 Process of Land Transfer/Donation 

Interactions with the communities who have willingly parted with their land parcels (1-2m), revealed no major 

resentment towards the voluntary donation of land, realizing the subsequent benefits from the project. 

However, there is a general perception that the component of compensation needs to be built in the project. 

This is more significant in the fertile regions, where the productivity is high and the land holdings are small. 

The process of land donation is usually done after the mobilization of the contractor. The decision to donate 

land is ensured by the contractor through village meetings and discussions, usually in the presence of the 

Sarpanch (head of the village). There is no evidence in the form of documents to review the process or 

transfer the ownership of land to the PWD or updating revenue records. 

3.3.11 Non-Titleholders 

While partial encroachments (Of about 2m into the revenue tracks) are cleared by the contractor usually with 

the consent of the landowners, complete encroachments are usually cleared by involving officials of PWD, 

Revenue dept, Sarpanch and Police assistance, if required. 

Encroachments cleared from the revenue track rom the approach to Bhojaan in Churu 

3.3.12 Consultation Process and Information Dissemination 

The concerns of the villagers are considered prior to approval of the project roads at the district level. The 

approvals of the proposals are done at the block level from the Panchayat Samity members and from Zilla 

Parishad at the district level. The resolution passed in those meetings for the approval is documented. After 

that, there are no efforts made to access or include the concerns of any other stakeholders. There was no 

public consultation in the village before initiation of the work in the village. 

32



Community Consultation in villages connected by PMGSY roads in Bundi and Bhilwara 

3.3.12.1 Verify any Tribal Development Plans are prepared 

Banswara (73%) and Dungarpur (66%) are designated as Tribal Districts. In other districts, there are blocks 

where concentration of tribal population is considerable. There were no tribal development plans prepared 

for any of the project road in these districts. Impact of the project on the tribals is not ascertained. 

Population belonging to Scheduled Tribes & Other Backward Classes benefited from PMGSY 

3.3.13 Grievance Redressal Mechanism 

The grievances raised at the village level are resolved through involvement of the srapanch, patwari and the 

PIU official. There is no formal mechanism of addressing the grievances except when the aggrieved person 

has a written document detailing hi concern. The PIU does not maintain any records of the issues raised by 

the community or an individual. 

33



B) Uttar Pradesh 


The state of Uttar Pradesh is divided broadly into The Ganga Plains and The UP Uplands. The Ganga Plains 

consists of vast flat terrain while The UP Uplands are dissected and rugged plateau, which slopes towards 

North-east, with an average altitude less than 300 m. The land is gently sloping from Shiwalik hills in northwestern 

region (274 m) towards the eastern Terai region (78 m) of the state. The soil of the state is divided into 

Bhabhar, Tarai, and Central Ganga Alluvium plain. 

The state constitutes 166 million persons distributed over an area of 143327.09 sq km, out of which 19.9 % 

constitute urbanized population. The rural population is highly concentrated in eastern Uttar Pradesh and 

some district of western Uttar Pradesh while it is moderate in the central region. The ST population is minimal 

in entire state while SC population constitutes 21 % of the entire population. 

There are 30.19 million workers engaged in primary activities out of which 53.27 % are cultivators and 18.94 % 

are agriculture labourers, constituting 72.88 % of the total main workers in the state. 


3.2.1 Climate 

The climate in the state ranges from moist, sub humid to dry arid in the North Eastern plains. The state has an 

annual rainfall of 997 mm with a maximum of 1214 mm in Bahraich to a minimum of 721 mm in Etah in SW 

plains. 

34



Generally the contractors stop work during adverse climate conditions. The targets for completion of the 

PMGSY contracts are for 9 to 11 months irrespective of the starting season. In the absence of detailed 

construction schedule to accommodate the harvesting and rainy season, construction activities are also being 

carried out during rainy season to meet the targets, affecting quality of work. 

3.2.2 Geology 

The Gangetic Plain covers about three quarters of the state, gently dropping from 365 m above MSL in the 

northwest to 80 m above MSL in the east at Varanasi (Benaras). Due to this geological setup, the quarry 

material is usually available in the north of UP – in Haldwani or near Fatehpur sikri. Rest of the state being 

under Gangetic plain consisting mainly of alluvial deposits, hard rock with acceptable quality for the 

construction purposes is a scarce resource, which needs to be transported for long distances. There are no 

separate studies conducted on geological formation in the area for the project. 


Soil types of the visited areas can be divided into: 

Bhabhar, consisting of boulders and alluvium. Water table in these areas is at considerable depth; 

Tarai, consists at the upper end the perennial springs and merges with the alluvium plane of the 

Ganges. This supports very high diversity vegetation and dense forests. It consists of clay, sand, 

pebbles, and boulders; and 

Central Ganga Alluvium plain, consists of sands and clay with pockets of gravel and kankar. This area 

has the most problems of water scarcity. 

As per the guidelines, the tests are conducted on the soil used for subgrade (embankment) during preparation 

of DPR. There is in-house soil testing facility in PMGSY Dept. Various tests are recommended to meet the 

standards set under the project. However, PMGSY stipulates use of soil adjacent to the proposed alignment 

for filling, if the soil is suitable, to reduce the costs in transportation. Hence, fertile agricultural soil from the 

fields is being used as borrow material. 


PMGSY roads is the only connectivity to villages and do not effect the air quality. Only source of the air 

pollution is Mentha oil extraction in parts of central Uttar Pradesh. Large numbers of such extraction units are 

found along the rural roads. However, emissions from these units are localised and do not have large 

dispersion over the area. Clean environment is observed along most of the sample based visited corridors. 

There is no provision of ambient air quality monitoring during construction / operation of the project. 

Contractors are also not aware about the distance of hot mix plant from the village etc. Since the motorised 

traffic is very less, air pollution due to traffic sources is insignificant. 


There is no source of noise pollution along PMGSY roads in UP, because most of the roads are in interiors 

having few motorized vehicles. There is no provision of noise level monitoring in the construction / operation 

of the project roads. Contractors are also not aware of any precautionary measures for control of noise from 

construction machineries and protection measures for workers. Even with the completion of the road, traffic is 

limited as most of the roads are approach roads to one or two villages. Due to less traffic and a large 

proportion of it being non - motorised, noise generated would be insignificant. 

35



3.2.6 Availability of water 

Water availability for construction of PMGSY roads is not a concern in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Water table 

in the visited areas is 10 to 15m and Irrigation canals and rivers are found in Rampur, Bahraich and Etah 

districts in plain areas. Due to fertile agricultural land, farmers installed tube wells for extraction of water for 

irrigation. So water is usually obtained from these wells with the consent of the farmers for construction. 

Alternatively, the contractor gets water from nearest canal/river, if available. Contractors make payments to 

the owner (Individual or Panchayat) of the tube well if water is used from their wells. There has been no 

impact on the existing water bodies due to the project in the state. 


Water logging is a common feature in the districts of Rampur and Hardoi, & areas of Terai Region due to high 

water table and some areas are flood prone. The requirement and design of the CD structures and drains are 

worked out by the PIU based on PMGSY guidelines. The STA scrutinises the designs prepared for the roads. 

Number of CD structures provided is generally not adequate as no supporting data is provided for justification 

of their opening size. Hence could not be sanctioned by the STA. 

On the contrary, in Banda district, people resist construction of culverts fearing submergence of their fields 

from the heavy flows in the region. Concrete roads are constructed with longitudinal drains and pucca roadside 

drains are provided in Hardoi. But at some places villagers are of the opinion that the CD structures are not as 

per requirement. In settlements where the road is sloping towards the structures, drainage is poor and villagers 

are dissatisfied with the drainage provided. Water logging in the borrow trenches occurs and these are adjacent 

to the road within the farmers field. 

Poor drainage within village at Baharaich Poor cross drainage at Etah 

People resist construction of culvert Water logged on other side of culvert 

36




Forests constitute about 7.0% of the total geographical area of the state. In case of Mirzapur district, 

settlements exist within the forest areas. A 6 km proposed road connecting Kharihat Kalan passes through 

patches of notified forests at 4 locations, 200 m each. Permission is sought from the forest department for 

transfer of land to revenue department. Though permission was not granted, the PWD was asked to remit the 

amount equivalent to the cost of construction of the road within the stretch and forest department will 

construct the road. At present no permission is obtained and hence the 800m stretches have been left out from 

construction while the remaining 5.2 Km has been completed. 

Mango tree plantation was found along the road in Bahraich. Though tree cutting was avoided but at some 

places shrubs and few trees were removed. In case of Banda, 200 Babool trees are cut but no permission from 

forest department is sought as they are on private lands. In Azamgarh district, a dry tree in the middle of the 

pavement is seen along approach road to Khuthana as the forest department has not issued clearance for 

cutting the Tree. Officials of PMGSY at Hardoi are planning for roadside tree plantation from other funds, 

involving local people. 

Trees in Middle of Road at Azamgarh 

3.2.9 Agricultural Practice 

Tree felling avoided in Rampur 

Most of the land along the visited roads is fertile. Major crops along the project corridor are sugarcane, maize, 

rice, arhar, etc. Start of works will be delayed if there are standing crops as earth needs to be excavated for 

raising / forming new embankment as per technical specifications. Hence, it is necessary to schedule the 

construction activities keeping in view the harvesting time and rainy season to avoid delays in the works 

execution. 

37



Agriculture Practices along proposed corridor in Bahraich Agriculture Practices along corridor under construction in 

Rampur 

3.2.10 Grazing Land 

Existing revenue tracks have been selected for PMGSY project in UP. Existing width of village roads taken up 

for PMGSY varies from 3.5m-8m. Requirement of additional 2-3 m land for widening, is not affecting the 

grazing land. But at some places borrowing of earth for embankment is done from nearby grazing land. 

The borrow area on the side of Khutana road in Azamgarh 

District 

3.2.11 Land utilization 

Most of the PMGSY roads in UP are aligned on Chak roads, 

which are usually on fertile agricultural land. Few roads are 

passing through barren land in Etah. Commercial activities 

have come up after the road has been constructed. No 

consideration is given to the type of land use and the impact 

of construction activities on the fertile agricultural land. 

Grazing land along proposed corridor at Hardoi 

Shop on Shoulder of PMGSY road 

38



3.2.12 Availability of construction material 

Due to a number of road projects going-on in UP i.e. Ambedkar 

Gram Sadak Yojana, UP State Highways Project etc, at times 

contractors face shortage of construction materials. 

The proposals in the district are made as per availability of 

construction material in the district. But still there are cases of 

delay of the projects due to non-availability of materials in the 

districts of Banda, Hardoi and Etah. There are instances of 

transporting materials from long distances like the ballast for 

Banda and Azamgarh districts are brought from Mirzapur district. 

3.2.13 Handling of earth work 

Machines such as excavators carry out earthwork for embankments in the PMGSY project. The farmers do 

not allow the earthwork when the crops are standing on the field. Spillage of the construction activities to the 

adjacent lands causing damage has been observed in some instances. 

3.2.14 Conservation of topsoil and reuse 

The soil throughout UP is very fertile. Top layer of the soil is being used for rising the embankment leading to 

loss of topsoil. More serious loss of topsoil is evident when the farmer try to level their field by towing in soil 

into the borrow trenches thereby losing the fertile layer containing residues of the fertilizers used. Usually 

villagers donate the soil from their agricultural land up to maximum one-meter depth. PMGSY officials are 

also not aware of the topsoil conservation. 

3.2.15 Use of quarries 

Quarry materials are taken from nearby licensed quarries. Quarry materials are taken from Lalkuna quarry in 

Rampur and Hardoi whereas Fatehpur Sikri is the only approved quarry for Etah District, but Archaeological 

Survey of India has declared Fatehpur Sikri as a protected area. Blasting activities has been stopped in this area. 

Now only manual mining is in practice. But this quarry does not fulfil the material requirement of the project, 

resulting in delays. 

3.2.15.1 Borrow areas and their rehabilitation 

Construction stopped due to shortage of 

sand 

All the visited PMGSY roads pass through plain terrain. Borrow material for earthwork is taken from 

roadsides. No redevelopment of these areas is proposed as part of the contractor’s scope of work hence these 

are left as it is. Villagers fill these pits at the time of ploughing of their agricultural fields. 

39



Borrow pits along the project corridor at Rampur Field borrow pits by the villegers at Etah 


The labour force employed by the contractors consists of both 

locals as well as residents. But mostly skilled labourers are migrants 

from Bihar. The unskilled labourers including women are also 

employed doing the construction work. Out side labourers stay in 

nearby school buildings, abandoned govt / private buildings etc. 

Only a tarpaulin is provided for about 20 to 30 workers that too 

only in case of rain while no sanitary or other facilities are provided 

at some places. Throughout the construction sites visited, it has 

been observed that no adequate safety measures are being followed 

during construction. 



The land can be broadly classified into the following categories and the legal status are tabulated in Table 3.3; 

Private Land: These are land, which are under individual ownership and can be transferred through the 


Gram Sabha land includes 

Tarpaulin only in case of Rain 

Abadi Land: In Uttar Pradseh, land reserved for residential purpose is known as Abadi Land. In case 

of such lands the people residing in such land are the entitled to usufruct rights but do not have title 

for the plot of land. In such cases under the present regulation system, these people are not eligible to 

any compensation under the Land Acquisition Act in case their lands are acquired for “public 

purpose1”. 

Grazing lands: The grazing lands in Uttar Pradesh called pasuchar, are usually protected land but can 

be transferred for public purpose under notification of the Governor. 

1 The Public Purpose as defined in Section 3(f) vii of the Land Acquisition Act 1894 as “the provision of land for any other 

schemes sponsored by the Government , or with prior approval of the appropriate Government, by a local authority” 

40



Government Lands: The title of these lands rest with the Government, they can be transferred from to the 










The existing Chak roads (revenue tracks) are taken up under PMGSY. In majority of the areas, existing land 

width for the project varies between 4.5m-6.5 m, which is inadequate as per the PMGSY guidelines. 

Encroachments onto the revenue tracks, if any, are cleared to provide for the required width wherever the land 

available is inadequate. To accommodate the proposed cross-section, a land width of 2-3 m is procured on 

either side. Peg marking of the alignment is being carried out only at the time of mobilization of machinery for 

the earthwork on the site. As the actual area of land loss is known with peg marking, landowners put up 

resistance to construction. 


Though in majority of the areas, the existing chak roads are followed and inadequate land width is available for 

the project (4.5m-6.5 m) as per the PMGSY guidelines. Also, several small stretches where the existing width is 

about 3.0m have been sited. 

PMGSY roads are constructed till the point it enters the habitation / settlement in Rampur district, as a result, 

there is very less probability of affecting any structure in the settlement section. But in Etah, Hardoi and 

Bahraich districts the road crosses the village. The width of the road is reduced to the available width to reduce 

any additional land requirement and to avoid any displacement. 

In case of Hardoi, where land is highly fertile, people resist voluntary donation. The 

landowners are hassled to donate the land required for PMGSY road by the Sarpanch 

and Tehsildar. Project work has stopped for approach road to Mohammadpur village 

wherein stay order from High Court has been obtained by the landowner on 

construction of the proposed road. Similarly, construction work has stopped at takeoff 

point (due to no apparent benefits for him, being nearer to the corridor) along 

Khanpura corridor of Banda district due to a stay order. In certain corridors, as in 

Barouli Azam in Banda, w idth of the c/s has to be reduced to 5 m from 7.5m for about 

30% of the length due to people’s resistance to voluntary donation (Plate I). 

Plate I Land not donated by 

people 

41



Plate II Land not donated due 

to communal Problems 


Com m unal disputes in Azam garh along corridor connecting to Godhana is one of the 

reason to avoid donation of land. The takeoff point is in a muslim village benefiting a 

hindu village hence land is not donated. The corridor is brick pitched in the disputed land 

(Plate II). 

In Azamgarh district, corridor connecting, 

Khutahna land dispute occurred and work is 

stopped due to a stay order at the takeoff point. 

But w ith the intervention of the district collector, 

the ow ner is allotted an alternate piece of land as 

compensation and work has resumed (Plate III) 

Plate III Disputed land in Azamgarh 

Land width accretion has been minimised to the extent possible in roads passing through agriculture lands. In 

settlement sections the c/w width is maintained at 3.75m. No geometric corrections to the alignment are made 

to minimise land requirement, and also to avoid impacts on farmers. The cross section of the proposed 

corridor is restricted within the available land width especially in the settlement sections. 

3.3.4.1 Alignment Selection 

During selection of the alignment, PWD officials notify the Zilla Parishad Members, MLA’s and MP about the 

project and seek their opinion on the alignment. The people’s representatives in turn express their opinion. 

The proposal, finalized by the PIU satisfying the PMGSY guidelines is presented in Zilla Panchayat for 

approval. With the approval of Zilla Panchayat, it is sent to the Department of Rural Development, which 

sends it to the Ministry of Rural development Government of India for sanctioning the project. After the 

approval from the Ministry of Rural Development the PWD prepares a detailed project report (DPR) and 

detailed cost estimates. The DPR is subjected to the unbiased scrutiny of the STA for its approval for 

construction. Comments of STA if any shall be incorporated. With the approval of the DPR by the STA, the 

PWD requests the State standing committee for implementation. 


Uttar Pradesh has marked variation in the distribution of population. The region of eastern UP has higher 

concentration of rural population, which decreases towards the western regions. Amongst the western districts 

those in close proximity to Delhi have high density of population. In the Tarai region and southern plateau, 

population is sparse. 

The state is developed in terms of irrigation facilities, agriculture and industries. The economy is primarily 

agrarian as more than 70% of the workers are engaged in primary activities. In the rural areas, 85% of work 

force participation is in the primary sector, especially agriculture. The tribal population in the state is 

insignificant and no tribal population has been affected due to the project. 

3.3.5.1 Project Affected Persons 

Majority of the PAPs are Scheduled Castes with 80% of the total impacted households. There is no person 

belonging to ST impacted due to the project, as their concentration is negligible in the state. 22 of the 110 

42



PAPs are below poverty line with 2 households headed by women. In no case the impacted household has 

been marginalized due to the project as reported during the community consultations. Since the state is rich in 

productive soil, the main occupation of the PAPs is farmers with few PAPs working as agricultural labourers. 

Table 3.4 provides the details of the PAPs consulted during community consultation in the state. 

District 


Corridors 

v isited 

Table 3.4: Profile of the PAPs in the state of Uttar Pradesh 

No of PAPs HH 

Scheduled 

Caste 

Scheduled 

Tribe 


Below 

Poverty 

Line 

Women 

Headed 

Households 


Land Holding 

Azamgarh 24 22 0 9 0 0 3 

Banda 13 8 0 3 0 0 1 

Hardoi 10 3 0 1 1 0 2 

Rampur 16 10 0 2 0 0 1 

Etah 13 8 0 2 1 0 2 

Bahraich 5 2 0 0 0 0 1 

Mirzapur 29 17 0 5 0 0 3 


3.3.5.2 Project Displaced Persons 

There has been no person displaced owing to the process of voluntary land donation. 


3.3.6.1 Land 

There has been resistance from the local community for land donation as the state is rich in agricultural 

produce. Owing to its high population density, the average land holding size is between 1.0ha to 1.5ha in 5 

districts except for Azamgarh and Mirzapur where it varies from 1.0 ha to 2.0ha. The average land donated by 

the PAPs is 1-2m with less than 1m in the fertile areas of the central and western plains. Along 9 of the 36 

corridors visited, there has been donation of land by farmers with uneconomic land holding. There has been 

marginal impact on the land holding size as only 0.5-1.0m of land is taken for PMGSY. Predominantly, the 

land donated for the project is cultivated land belonging to private landowners. 


There has been no impact on the structures along the PMGSY corridors in the state of Uttar Pradesh. 


There has been no case of any villager or farmer loosing its livelihood due to construction of PMGSY road. 

Assessment of impacts on standing crops has been addressed by avoiding damage to the standing crops. Since 

43



the construction period is for one year, scheduling construction considering the harvesting and sowing seasons 

would minimise delays. 

3.3.6.4 Assets 


No common property resources are impacted along the PMGSY roads. Along Khutana road in Azamgarh 

District, a part of the grazing land has been taken to take material for earthwork. No wells or hand pumps are 

removed as part of the project. However, excavation is carried out nearer to hand pump (Umri Dhari link 

marg, Bahraich) causing water logging near it. This is likely to cause damage to inner pipes of hand pump and 

also contaminate water due to the standing water. 


Alignments have been slightly swerved to protect the cultural property along the c/w edge. Since the 

modifications in the alignment are minor, no official procedures have been adopted to approve these changes. 

In one of the corridor of Banda District, road has been slightly shifted to the left to avoid an old temple. 

Efforts have been made to avoid pond and few trees by slight realignment as observed along the approach 

road to Manra in Azamgarh district. 

Temple along the proposed corridor at Baharaich Avoided relocation of Mazar along coridor at Rampur 



No alternate routes for movement of vehicles are identified while the construction work is in progress. 

However, this is insignificant considering the low traffic volumes and the anticipated benefits due to the 

project. 


These included increased noise levels during construction, dust due to earthworks etc are experienced for a 

short duration. Consideration of these issues by the contractor through regulating timings of usage of heavy 

equipments, dust suppression etc will minimize the extent of impacts. 

Construction Camps 

The skilled labour for the project is external workforce. The contractor at times provide accommodation in 

rented houses inside the village such as Panchayat buildings and schools etc. These workers are totally 

44



dependent on the village for their daily basic requirements. But no instance of resentment from the host 

community has been confronted with in any of the districts visited. 


Unskilled labour is being engaged from the villages along the alignment. Participation of people in construction 

activities is present in all packages and are engaged at Rs. 60 - 80 per day. Female also worked on road 

construction. Increased employment opportunities and diversification into construction activities from the 

seasonal agricultural activities is seen in the villages. 

3.3.6.6 Safety and Health Impacts 

The community has not reported of any sort of health issues such as dust, noise etc while the work is in 

progress or after the project road has been completed. 


Usually earthwork is done after harvesting or before sowing season. Consequently, there is no impact on the 

standing crops but the land is used for movement of vehicle. In Mirzapur district, the bitumen mixing is 

carried out on site. This not only increases the chance of affecting some patch of land but also air pollution in 

the vicinity of the road. 


Movement of the machinery as rollers and earthmoving equipment on the adjacent lands have insignificant 

during construction. The short-term impacts are often ignored by the implementing agency unless the people 

raise an objection to that, then only some mitigation measures are adopted to reduce the impacts. There has 

been no provision of alternate routes while the construction work is in progress. 



The identification of the locations for additional land uptake is undertaken by the PIU during initial survey of 

identifying the existing chak roads. It involves no peg marking of the alignment and checking of the revenue 

records. 


Along the corridors visited, no peg marking of RoW has been carried out before implementation of the 

project. The lands taken up along the PMGSY roads are mostly private lands and Gram Sabha lands. Instances 

of Gram Sabha lands where individuals carry out cultivations are observed in several districts of Uttar Pradesh. 

In most of the cases, it was observed (based on the consultations) that these cultivators own other parcels of 

land. Requirement of grazing lands has not been observed along the corridors visited, but there is a likelihood 

of these lands getting impacted in other roads to be taken up in future. 

Similarly, the transfer of Abadi land was not observed along the corridors visited either due to roads usually 

end at the start of the habitation and these designated Abadi lands are within the habitations or road within the 

habitation is designed to accommodate within the existing building lines and there is no impact on structures. 

45



Apart from forestlands, there are no lands belonging to other government departments, impacted in the 

project. Any uptake of such lands will need to be carried out through the requisite clearance procedures of the 

concerned departments. Clearance of forest lands by the individual state departments are being carried out 

through the provisions of the Forest Conservation Act by the implementing agencies. 

Updating the revenue records has not been carried out in case of transfer or donation of land. Revenue 

department is not aware of the location of Chak and PMGSY roads, which reveals that they are oblivious of 

their role in this project. 


During survey of the corridor for DPR preparation, the concerned Junior Engineer undertakes informal 

consultations with the villagers / Sarpanch about the requirement and voluntary donation of land. Basing on 

this enquiry the PIU gives a certificate in the final DPR to STA stating, “For all proposed roads, Land is 

available and no provision for land compensation made in the proposed project” 

There is no formal disclosure as to the extent of social impacts and land requirement prior to the start of the 

construction. However, interactions with the villagers along proposed stretches indicate that they are informed 

of the proposed alignments through interactions with PIU. There has been no formal consultation and 

information dissemination pertaining to the project and alignment details and schedule of the construction 

work. 


Due to fertile nature of the area, the farmers whose lands are adjoining the PMGSY roads are not readily 

willing to part with their lands. During the entire process of project preparation, there have been no efforts to 

identify the number of persons affected by the project and to compensate them. 

The PIU is not involved in the handing over of the site to the contractor prior to start of construction. Along 

several stretches, it has been observed that it has been the responsibility of the contractor to procure land for 

the project. The Contractor carries out interaction with the Pradhan and the affected persons and secures land 

for construction. The characteristics of the land holding and the status of the affected person are not 

considered. In isolated cases, there have been instances of the contractor paying token assistances in case of 

severe grievances. Along the corridors visited, there are instances where people take stay orders from the court 

for stopping the construction along a particular stretch. Such instances along the roads visited are at: 

Khanpura link road of Banda District. 

Khutahna Link Road2 of Azamgarh District 

Godhana Link Road of Azamgarh District 

Kasada Link Road of Mirzapur District (In this case the corridor is in Package No – UP 5305. The 

tender is awarded to the contractor on 22.04.02 and due to the unwillingness of the landowner he has 

filed a case and got a stay order on 14.11.02) 

No transfer of land as per the provisions of the UP ZA&LR Act, 1950 taken up. 

2 Constru ction w ork resu m ed at the corridor Khutahna Link Road of Azamgarh District after intervention of the district 

official. The landowner at the off take point has taken a stay order from Court for not allowing construction of the road. 

Construction work at the corridor stopped for three months. Work again started in June 2003 after intervention by the 

Collector. The person who had got the stay withdrawn the stay after the District Collector arranged a patch of land as 

compensation. 

46




Encroachments along the PMGSY roads have been reported along few of the visited corridors. The most 

common form has been the inclusion of revenue track within the agricultural field. In most of the cases, the 

contractor with the consent of the landowners clears encroachments at the time of construction. While 

involvement of officials of PWD, Revenue department, Sarpanch and Police assistance, is required in some 

cases. 


There has been no public consultation in the village before the initiation of the work. There were interaction 

with the villagers while implementation of the work but there has been no documentation of the proceedings. 

The approvals of the proposals are done from Zilla Parisad at the district level in the presence of local Gram 

Pradhan, MLAs, MPs, CDO and Officials of PMGSY. The resolution passed in those meetings for the 

approval is documented. Concerns of the villagers are put forward by the village pradhan to the PIU officials 

for consideration during fixing the alignment. No documentation exists for these consultations. 


There exists no formal mechanism for addressing the concerns and issues raised by the community. The 

engineer, contractor and sarpanch resolve the grievances of the impacted person or community. No record or 

documentation of the existing procedure of grievance redressal is undertaken depicting the type of grievances 

and how resolved. In maximum possible cases the contractor tries to solve the problem on site through 

dialogue. But in case of legal order, the PWD and revenue department have been involved. This many a times 

causes delays in the completion of earthwork. In few cases, some patches have been left without any 

construction as the landowners have got stay order from the court. The following instances indicate the delays 

due to non-availability of land. 

3.3.11 Assessment of Land use / land utilization pattern and Induced Development 

The land along the project is primarily a cultivated area. Land use has not been a factor for consideration while 

choosing and preparing the proposals. No environmental or social issues have been considered as part of 

project preparation. Commercial activities have started along completed stretches of PMGSY. Construction of 

a shop on the shoulder is observed in Pakadia – Ranipur corridor of Azamgarh district. Construction of 

houses is also observed in corridor connecting Manra in Azamgarh. Such developments are likely with the 

construction of the road. No controls exist at present to avoid such developments. The land not being owned 

by the Revenue department, effective measures to control induced development are to be developed which 

provides for adequate enforcement powers even when the land is privately owned. 

47



Shop on Shoulder, Pakadia – Ranipur, Azamgarh Houses being constructed, Manra Azamgarh 

3.3.12 Construction Debris 

Construction wastes from the road construction are left on the 

roadside after completion of construction. Contractor when 

consulted assured of the clearance after completion of construction. 

3.3.13 Implementation Arrangements 

3.3.13.1 Agencies Involved 

Construction waste on roadside 

State PWD / RES: The state PWD / RES is the executing agency 

for the project. It is responsible for procurement of contractors and disbursement of funds. PWD at district 

level under the Executive engineer supervises the project preparation and construction activities. In some 

cases, detailed project preparation is done through procurement of services of an external consulting agency. 

Role of STA: Ceiling on fund allocation for a PMGSY road is sometimes hampering the road quality, 

especially in case of drainage. Funds allotted for c-d structures are inadequate in flood prone areas. Due to the 

upper cap on budget allocation and inadequate information on proposed CD structures, STA tries to reduce 

the cost by cutting down the number of CD structures. Restriction by STA on length of concrete pavement in 

a flood prone area due to high initial cost is likely to decrease life of the road. There have been indications on 

the inadequate role of STA in the project. They sanction the project on the basis of their academic experience 

and do not carry out site visits. 

3.3.13.2 Supervision and Monitoring 

There has been continuous monitoring of the project throughout its planning and implementation by the 

PWD. Frequency of field visits of the executive engineer to the construction sites varies from once a week to 

once a fortnight. There have been visits of the National Quality Monitors to the roads under construction. 

Their suggestions are coming in the advanced stages of the project implementation. Hence, the contractor / 

PWD is able to implement the suggestions in the subsequent corridors only. In this state the Online 

Monitoring System is operational in few districts. 

3.3.13.3 Reporting 

The reporting of progress of work is being done as per the guidelines of PMGSY. Slight modifications to the 

formats are carried out to suit the field conditions. The formats are the basis of costing the work done and also 

48



for release of payments to the contractor. No environmental and social factors are incorporated into these 

formats. 

3.3.13.4 Capacity Building 

There have been no workshops organized for providing training to the officials at any stage of the PMGSY 

scheme. This is one of the reasons for lack of awareness about the scheme among the various officials and 

authorities involved in the implementation of the scheme. It is claimed that the staff have difficulty in feeding 

and retrieving data into the online system as also other aspects of analysis using computers. The 

implementation staff is adequately trained in technical and engineering aspects and hence they are able to 

follow and implement the guidelines. 

49



C) Himachal Pradesh 


The territory of Himachal Pradesh is wholly mountainous. 

Physiography of the state is characterized with hilly terrain 

and reflects an intricate mosaic of hills, valleys, and 

splendid mountain ranges having altitude ranging from 

450m to 6500m above msl. The state can be broadly 

classified into three zones as: (i) valleys and low hills, (ii) 

high hills between 2000-3000 m, (iii) and the alpine zone 

above 3500 m covering three districts. The broad 

characteristics of these regions are as follows: 

Region 1: Valleys and low hills: Mainly lies along the 

southern borders of the state, and experience climatic 

Lahul Valley - a View 

condition similar to plains. 

Region 2: High hills: Mainly the central parts of the state of Himachal experience temperate summer and 

extreme cold winters. 

Region 3: Alpine zone: Also known as the cold deserts of India. Experiences extreme winters and heavy 

snowfall. Practically cutoff for about eight months through motorable roads from the rest of the state. 

Experience out-migration of people from these regions in winter. 


3.2.1 Climate 

The climate in the state ranges from wet sub temperate to humid sub tropic. The low and high hills experience 

humid sub temperate conditions, and alpine zone is dry temperate. The annual rainfall in the state varies from 

522 mm in alpine zone 1569 mm in Kangra valley. In winter months temperatures drop down below – 20 0 C 

in the alpine region. This effectively reduces the working season to only 4 months. 

50



In the Regions of Lower hills and hills and pleatues, work 

is hampered for a period of less than two months during 

winter, but it gets disrupted for about 3 months during 

rainy season. As the contractor is forced to implement the 

project within specified duration, there are instances of 

blacktopping being carried out outside the summer 

seasons, thereby resulting a compromise in quality. These 

instances are indicative of the contractor not scheduling 

his construction activities as per the prevailing climatic 

conditions. 

As per the recent amendments in PMGSY for hill areas in 

CD Structure Proposed along a corridor 

particular the construction work has been extended for a 

period of 2 years. The base work is finished in one year and the blacktopping is done in the next season. This 

also gives sufficient time for the base to stabilize. 


The state has a deeply broken topography and complex geological structures. The undulating topography has 

an important role in the planning and design of roads in Himachal. Elevation in the state generally increases 

from southwest to northeast. In the low & high hill regions due to the vegetation cover, soil is relatively stable 

whereas in the alpine zone soil strata is unbound without any vegetation cover. In the low & high hills, soil 

slips are frequent in rainy season on locations of fresh cutting. The problem is aggravated in corridors where 

slope/erosion control structures are not proposed at required locations. 

Studies related to the required gradient, cut & fill options are conducted during the planning stage. Efforts are 

made to balance the cut and fill quantities and in cases wherein the surplus is left, the same are disposed into 

the nearby nalas/streams. Slope protection measures are taken up only in few corridors. 

3.2.3 Geology 

The Shivaliks consists predominantly of tertiary formations and this belt of rocks is considered to be the 

youngest in age. The zones of lower Himalayas, great Himalayas and trans Himalayas are composed of granite 

& crystalline rocks; snow clad mountains; and young soils with thin depths respectively. No studies are 

conducted in relation to the geological aspects. 

Spiti Region – unbounded strata Illegal slate quarry in Mandi District 

51




The soils in the state can be broadly classified under the category of brown forest soils. Of the districts taken 

for the sample surveys, Kullu and Mandi districts fall under the highly fertile Brown alluvial soils. Alpine region 

has mountainous skeletal soils, which are young and thin; any depth in them whatsoever occurs is in the valleys 

or on gently sloping inclined hill slopes. 

The undulating topography further aggravates the problem of slope stability and erosion thereby making them 

more vulnerable to landslides / soil slips. In Alpine zone the required depth for construction of slope 

stabilization structures is much more in comparison to the other two regions due to sparse vegetation cover, 

unbound strata etc. In few instances the depth of retaining wall is provided up to the bed of the stream for 

better stability. This leads to escalation in per unit costs. 

3.2.5 Quality of water 

The general quality of water in the major rivers and its 

tributaries remains within the designated best use 

category 1 of A to B only. During the monsoon, the 

turbidity levels increase due to siltation in the upper 

reaches. As per the guidelines, tests related to the pH, 

hardness, etc along with other tests are conducted by the 

PWD. 

3.2.6 Availability of water & Impact on 

water bodies 

Water availability for construction is not a concern in the state. Of the sample sites / corridors visited there 

were no conflicts arising out of the sharing of water resources with the local population. The contractor 

procures water from the nearest source and transported it in tankers to the site. At certain locations, the 

contractor is required to pay to the owner in case of private sources. No impacts are observed on water bodies 

due to procurement of water. 

3.2.7 Flood drainage 

While designs are prepared for Cross Drainage 

structures, the factors like HFL levels are taken into 

consideration of the various streams and nallahs, as per 

the IRC: SP-20:2002 

3.2.8 Alteration of drainage patterns 

Quick, efficient and well-connected drainage system is 

considered the backbone of roads in the hilly terrains. 

Being an undulating terrain, alterations to the drainage 

pattern are sometimes severe. The alpine region is made 

CD Structure under construction 

CD Structure could not be constructed due to local 

resistance 

1 Designated best use category as per Central Pollution Control Board. Category A corresponds to quality of a drinking water source without 

conventional treatment but after disinfection and Category B corresponds to quality of water suitable for outdoor bathing. 

52



up of mainly high mountain peaks, large glaciers, and vast snowfields. The vegetation exists in patches mainly 

as pasturelands. Design of Cross Drainage structures is of concern in this region as damages occur to a great 

extent due to the glacier movements and avalanche. 

There have been instances wherein the proposed number of CD structures differs from what was provided on 

the ground due to local peoples resistance to the excess flow of water flooding their parcel of land. In such 

cases, the drainage patterns are altered by construction of additional catch pits to divert the flow of water to 

other parcel of lands, generally into the existing streams. 

Provision of drainage in majority of the corridors is found to be satisfactory but in some corridors it is 

unsatisfactory and needs improvment. 


The low & high hill regions are fertile areas whereas in 

alpine region the vegetation exists in patches mainly the 

pasturelands. The fodder that is grown is cut before the 

snow starts in the region and is used for the rest of the 

year around 7-8 months. The slopes become gentler 

having fields and green pastures, within proximity of 

confluence of Chandra and Bhaga Rivers. 

The steep mountain slopes are covered with coniferous 

and broad-leaved forests, meadows, pasturelands and 

terraces. The north face of Shiwalik Mountains is 

marked by sal forest due to high moisture contents, 

scrub forest cover the south face of the mountains. 

Miscellaneous broad-leaved forests are found on the 

other faces of the Shiwalik hills. 

No studies regarding the rare or endangered species in 

the area are carried out. During the site visits none of the 

issues related to the same were noticed. 

Felling of trees is avoided to the extent possible in 

Trees at edges prone to damage 

aligning the road. In case no options are available then 

the permission is sought from the forest department. In case of the trees on the private parcel of land the 

owners are encouraged to cut the same. There have been instances where forest department have refused to 

cut the trees and they still exist at the edge of the carriage way or even on the paved portion. In Himachal 

Pradesh, most of the land is forestland. In such a case probability of road cutting into forestland is quiet high. 

3.2.10 Agricultural Practice 

Panaromic view of Spiti valley 

Sal forest in Kullu District. 

Agriculture is the predominant occupation of the people and quality patato is the main cash crop. The alpine 

region is without snow cover for only four months so the cash crops grown in the area are peas, hopps (flower 

used for the production of Beer). Most of the agricultural production is done around the villages. In district of 

Kullu, wheat, rice fields and orchards of plum, cherry and apple line the valley floor. There is resistance to 

voluntary donation of land in low and high hills due to fertile agriculture land and small size of land holding. In 

case of Orchards, even a slight increase in land requirement will reqire felling of a row of trees. Horticulture 

53



Department values each full-grown Apple tree at Rs. 30, 000 and sapling (1-2yr old) at Rs. 2, 000. Due to such 

high value, land is not readily donated. 

Apple orchards along proposed corridor PMGSY road cut for providing access to irrigation 

drains/channels 

3.2.11 Grazing Land 

Taking animals for grazing to higher reaches is prevalent 

in the state. Given the extent of land uptake, the extent 

of loss of grazing land is not likely to be significant. 

However, the changes to the natural hill slopes, 

especially due to the vertical cuts along new alignment 

has the potential to change the traditional routes 

adopted for grazing. 

3.2.12 Handling of earth work 

Mainly Bulldozers are used for earthwork in the PMGSY 

project. Haphazard cutting of the slopes is reported. Soil 

slips occur along the new cutting areas in the corridors. This damages the adjoining parcel of lands. This has 

also lead to increased resistance from the locals to the donating of land under PMGSY in the low and high hill 

regions. 


The concept of topsoil conservation is not relevant in 

case of alpine region due to its very thin depth.In case of 

Kullu and Mandi districts no efforts are made to 

conserve the topsoil. 

3.2.14 Use of quarries 

The material for construction is obtained from existing 

quarries. The quarry areas do not get exhausted after the 

removal of the materials in case of designated sites so 

the contractor undertakes no restoration efforts. 

High erosion potential on completed road in Kullu 

district 

Surplus materials after blasting disposed into Stream 

54



3.2.15 Borrow areas and their rehabilitation 

The cutting and filling materials are generally balanced and in case of surplus, the materials are dumped into 

the nearby nallahs/streams. The cutting of rocks is carried out either by blasting or in manually in case loose 

strata is present. No new borrow areas are dug up for the project. The provision of passing places is not 

considered in design of most of the corridors in the state. 

3.2.16 Safety Concerns 

Narrow road width, steep grades, sharp curves and steep dangerous valleys characterize hill roads. There are 

no provisions for safety measures in form of parapets and guide stones in the project. At certain locations the 

construction of parapet walls etc are undertaken wherein the requirement is felt along the road particularly 

along the valley side. 


The labour force employed by the contractors is both 

local as well as migrants but mostly migrant. But mostly 

migrant labour is from states of Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa 

etc. In Spiti the contractor has taken houses on rent in 

the villages for the labors and in some cases the make 

shift arrangements made by the contractor for the labors 

are not sufficient enough. No basic infrastructure 

facilities are provided to them at these camps. These 

observations highlight the concern for the public’s safety 

as well as the worker’s safety on site. Socio- Economic 

environment 

Himachal Pradesh being a hilly area has main population concentration in the villages. Since approximately 

90% of the total population resides in the rural areas, the provision of accessibility to these regions becomes 

important. Relief, fertility of soils, favorable climatic conditions and transportation, mainly governs the 

distribution of people. Throughout the entire state, the population is densely concentrated in river valleys, 

basins and lower slopes of hills. 

The highland areas have sparse concentration of people with high and rugged topography and harsh climatic 

conditions. The north and eastern part of the state are very thinly populated. The absence of the road 

networks in the tribal district of Lahul and Spiti has been one of the reasons for low levels of socio-economic 

development. The lower hills and valley region of the state has considerable population density with major 

concentration of settlements and economic activities. These are highly agriculturally productive regions owing 

to productive soil and adequate rainfall along with orchards. 



The various land categories in the state of HP are as follows: 

Labour camps along with material dumps 

Private land: The revenue settlement clearly defines agricultural land as private, Irrigated – ropa; and Nonirrigated 

– chait. The full property rights are vested in the head of the household and the rights are heritable. 

55



Natour land: The HPCLVU Act (1974), also known as the Natour Lands Act, was enacted to redistribute 

land to the landless or land poor but was discontinued in 1980. The redistributed land was granted from land 

classified by the revenue department as wastelands. The Natour land must be cultivated by the grantee and 

cannot be sold for 15 years. After the 15-year period the natour land is considered to be the same as any other 

agricultural land. 

Kuth: Kuth held by a collective (lineages), and each lineage paid taxes to the revenue department for their kuth 

2land. Due to the decrease in population due the earthquake, the village population was reduced and it was no 

longer necessary to cultivate kuth land. The land was allowed to revert to pasture and trees but was recorded as 

land belonging to individual landholders at the time of the revenue settlement. 

The development of property rights for kuth is different from that of the irrigated and non-irrigated land. The 

difference was that agricultural land was split among the descendants of the person in whom the right in land 

was originally vested. As kuth ceased to be cultivated, it was retained by the lineage and not split among the 

descendants. Lineages became responsible for setting the rules on exclusion, management and alienation, 

access having been determined by the original settlement report. Some lineages divided the land among all the 

male descendants so that each could plant orchard on their share of the land. Land, which was held in 

common by lineages, is now under going a process of converting to private land. 

Paht: Paht was an area of land over which members of a lineage held rights to cut grass for fodder, commonly 

known in English as hay. Haying lands were found to provide a parallel to kuth as the right to cut grass was 

held by a lineage. Haying lands were different from kuth because kuth is a right in land as settled under the 

revenue settlement, whereas paht was settled under the forest settlement as an individual usufruct right to cut 

grass on forest lands where a customary right previously existed. The haying right was recorded as an 

individual right but became a collective right as the lineage increased in number. 

Thach and Theli: Thach refers to a forest meadow, or a clearing in a forest, which is used for grazing and 

acts as a campsite for shepherds. Theli refers to alpine meadows. The right to graze in the forest and on alpine 

meadows was recorded as an individual usufruct right under the forest settlement. Although the grazing right 

was recorded as one of the ‘great rights’, village consultants said that the right was limited and extinguishable. 

The original right holder was given the right to graze a fixed number of sheep in the village forest, in a summer 

grazing area and a winter grazing area based upon a pre-colonial practice of such a right. The permit was then 

split among the descendants. The permit was extinguishable once the shepherd family stopped grazing sheep. 

Undemarcated Protected Forest (UPF): Previous to The HPCLVU Act (1974), the ‘wastelands’, as 

classified by the revenue department, were considered as shamlat land or village commons by the village. The 

land was not utilized for agriculture because it was of poor quality and was best suited for grazing village 

ani m al s and col l ecti ng f i rew ood f rom the scru b f orest. The sam e l and w as consi d ered as UPF (Class III) by the 

Forest Department after The HPCLVU Act (1974). Under The Act, shamlat land was classified as allotable 

land to be given to the landless, or non-allotable land to be given to the Forest Department. Non-allotable land 

was that "...on which tree growth is thick..."(ODA 1994). This process was not completed so ownership 

remained vested in the revenue department for those lands not allocated to the landless. UPF or ‘wasteland’ 

was partially privatized and partially made into open-access as neither the village, Forest Department nor 

revenue department had clear rights to the land. 

2 In the past, when the local population was greater, forest land at a higher elevation than agricultural land was cleared and 

utilized as cultivated land. That land was known as kuth. 

56



Grazing on the UPF land was regulated through the practice of moving all cattle except milk cows to higher 

grazing grounds in the summer. The government effectively created a situation of open-access upon heavily 

used land and at the same time limited the ability of the village to regulate the use of UPF land. In spite of this, 

customary village property rights over sacred trees, village groves and grazing allowed the village to implement 

some management practices and prevent the total degradation of UPF lands. 

Demarcated Protected Forest (DPF): The rights of villagers in Law for DPF products were similarly limited 

to a right of usufruct and held by the individual not the village. The specific rights of each village and the DPF 

areas to which they correspond were prescribed in the forest settlement report and vary between villages. 

Some of these rights, such as grass cutting and grazing were previously described above. Additional rights such 

as lopping of branches of trees, collection of fodder and collection of bedding were described in Table 3.5. 

Reserved Forest: All reserved forest rights were limited gathering rights for deadwood and there are no 

customary property rights for this type of land use. 

The following table 3.5 presents the legal provisions for transfer of land under each category while table 3.6 

shows the customary and traditional rights of tribal community over various land categories in Himachal 

Pradesh. 


Table 3.5: Existing Land categories in Himachal Pradesh 




Demarcated Protected Forest Rights of villagers were limited to right of usufruct held by an individual not village 

Majority of the land (impacted or likely to be impacted) is under cultivation owned by individuals along with 

encroachment of Gram Sabha land. In no instance, the land within the settlement has been taken due to the 

following reasons, firstly, the road rather ends outside the village and secondly, the design of the PMGSY road 

is as per the land width available within the settlement. 

Table 3.6: Types of land use and property rights regimes according to law and custom in Tribal Areas 

Land Use 

Village Rights to Resources 

1 Local Name 

Access Exclusion Management Alienation 

Irrigated Agricultural land Ropa 

 

Non-irrigated agricultural land Chait 

Redistributed land Natour 

Lineage based grazing land Kuth1 

Lineage based haying areas 2 Paht 

Forest grazing Thache 

Alpine grazing Theh 

Un-demarcated Protected forest 

Demarcated Protected forest 

Reserved forest 

 

 

De facto De facto De facto 

 

 

 

De facto De facto 




De facto De facto - 

3 

- - - 

- 

- 

- 

57



Note: The symbol () denotes that a village hold de facto (in law) rights for that land type. De facto rights, although unrecognized by law, are rights that have been acquired by the community and 

recognized by other resource users and are considered to be held in custom. 

1: Kuth is a local and type surrounded by either undemarcated or demarcated forest. Its classification as private is unclear on the part of both local villagers and the local forest department. 

2: Rights to cut grass are held by a kin group. 

3: Some limited gathering rights (eg. Deadwood) apply to Reserved Forests. 


In the state of Himachal, the existing revenue tracks are generally the shortest paths followed over the years, 

which sometimes are not possible to be made motorable without major modifications. The land requirement 

increases in case of fresh alignments while for minor improvements like grade improvements, hairpin bend 

improvements etc the required width varies from 1-2 meters. The existing average land width available along 

the sub projects in the state ranges between 3.5-5.0m, less than the required PMGSY guidelines. Table 3.7 

reveals the existing width available for PMGSY roads both in open area and village section of the project 

corridor. 

Table 3.7: Existing Land Width available along sub-projects in sample districts of Himachal Pradesh 

Land Width (m) 

Open Area Built Up Area 

Standard Existing Standard Existing 

Plain Hilly Plain Hilly Plain Hilly Plain Hilly 

15 15 9-12 6-9 15 12 5-9 5-7 

Source: Based on field observations and interactions with HP PWD 


The roads that were taken up under the project were motarable to certain extent and very few are complete 

fresh alignments. The average width of the revenue tracks varies from 3.5 to 5.0 meters across the state which 

is generally not adequate as per the IRC: SP:20 standards for hilly terrains. Moreover, the land requirements are 

higher at the curves, passing places and locations where grade improvements are need. The additional land 

required is taken through land donation wherein the private or government land is transferred from the owner 

to the PIU (HP PWD) for construction of the road. 

No formal process for land width accretion has been adopted by the PWD through which identification of 

additional land requirement ascertained and documented. The PWD has taken private land and maintained a 

list of impacted land parcels in the form of affidavits (mentioning that the landowner has no objection in 

donating land for the project) collected from landowners before the project implementation. However, there 

are no records as to how much land the individual parcel owners will be donating is documented. Detailed 

layout plan depicting the likely impacted land parcels and PAPs is not undertaken by the PIU. The process is 

entirely based on-field visual observations and assessment by the PIU officials. 

As per the Government Notification (Refer Box 1), new roads will only be constructed if land is donated 

Box 1 Himachal Government Notification No. PBW(B) A(7) 2-7/2000-II 

According to the notification of Himachal Government No. PBW(B) A(7) 2-7/2000-II on land acquisition 

“New roads to be constructed only’ if communities give land free of cost, work to start only after land is 

transferred to the government.” 

Alternative land to be allotted to those who become landless or otherwise eligible subject to availability of 

land with government. 

voluntarily. 

58



There is no case of displacement as evident from the site observations and the interactions with the PWD 

officials wherein the land donor is left without any land after donating for the project. The socio-economic 

status of the likely persons donating the land for construction is not taken into account as to how land 

donation is likely to impact on their livelihoods. 


Due to the hilly and undulating terrain in the state, the options available for modifying the alignment is 

minimal. In majority of the cases, the existing revenue track is followed with additional land (where less than 

PMGSY guidelines) from the private landowners. Maintaining appropriate grades, slopes etc along the 

alignment restrict any alterations in the alignment, thereby resulting in land width accretion from private 

landowners. 

Due to the resistance in land donation process in the low & high hills, at certain locations a compromise has 

been made with the geometric designs and grades due to non-availability of land. This problem doesn’t arise in 

the village sections due to relatively flatter parcels of land near to the habitation. The problem is more severe in 

case of road alignment passing through the orchards where a slight increase in land donation may take a toll of 

another row of trees. The problem is not so acute in the district of alpine region being sparsely populated areas 

and not very fertile land parcels. No encroaches and squatters are also observed in the corridors. 


Approximately 90% of the total population resides in the rural areas, the provision of accessibility to these 

regions becomes important. Relief, fertility of soils, favorable climatic conditions and transportation, mainly 

governs the distribution of people. Throughout the entire state, the population is densely concentrated in river 

valleys, basins and lower slopes of hills. 

The highland areas have sparse concentration of people with high and rugged topography and harsh climatic 

conditions. The north and eastern part of the state are very thinly populated. The absence of the road 

networks in the tribal district of Lahul and Spiti has been one of the reasons for low levels of socio-economic 

development. The lower hills and valley region of the state has considerable population density with major 

concentration of settlements and economic activities. These are highly agriculturally productive regions owing 

to productive soil and adequate rainfall along with orchards. 

In winter months temperatures drop down below – 200 C in the alpine region. This effectively reduces the 

working season to only 4 months. The low & high hill regions are fertile areas whereas in alpine region the 

vegetation exists in patches mainly the pasturelands. The fodder that is grown is cut before the snow starts in 

the region and is used for the rest of the year around 7-8 months. The slopes become gentler having fields and 

green pastures, within proximity of confluence of Chandra and Bhaga Rivers. 

Due to the noticeable seasonal variations in climatic conditions the main source of livelihood are orchards and 

livestock rearing. The gender ratio is also low in the Alpine region due to out migration of male population for 

employment. In the Lower Hills region & Hills and Plateaus, significant percentage of village population is 

engaged in agricultural practices. Kullu has a significant SC population (25% to 30% while Lahul and Spiti 

district is a scheduled tribal area. 

59



3.3.5.1 Project Affected Persons 

The PAPs in the state are predominantly Scheduled Castes w ith 70% and Scheduled Tribes 

accounting for 30% of the total PAP households. The percentage share of ST is higher in the 

tribal district of Lahul and Spiti w here 60% of PAPs belong to ST. 3 of the 13 corridors visited 

involved land donation by households ow ning marginal land holding especially Mandi district, 

w hile 7 of the households are below poverty line. Majority of the landow ners are engaged in 

agriculture and have orchards. The tribal district of Lahul and Spiti have cultivators and animal 

husbandry as main the occupation of the population w ith high rate of migrations. 

District 


Corridors 

v isited 

Table 3.8: Profile of the PAPs in the state of Himachal Pradesh 

No of PAPs HH Scheduled 

Caste 

Scheduled 

Tribe 


Below 

Poverty 

Line 

Women 

Headed 

Households 


Land Holding 

Kullu 3 9 5 0 5 0 0 2 

Lahul and Spit 7 1 0 4 0 1 0 0 

Mandi 9 2 2 0 7 0 0 3 


3.3.5.2 Project Displaced Persons 

Along no corridor, there has been displacement of any person or asset due to the project. 

3.3.5.3 Indigenous People 

The tribal areas of the state form 42.6% of states total area yet contain only 3.2% of the population of the 

state. The district of Lahul and Spiti have 204 kms of road maintained under the Border Roads Organization 

program. Apart from the selection criteria for roads as per PMGSY guidelines, for tribal areas (which is even 

otherwise applicable to the entire hilly state of HP), there are no special plans or provisions for development 

of tribal areas. The tribals in the area are Buddhists following Buddhist cultures and traditions. The women 

folk have a key role to play in the day to day activities but the decision making is not women’s domain. Review 

of final choice of road. 

No consultations in the tribal areas has been undertaken by the PIU to ascertain concerns related to PMGSY 

road in tribal areas. No studies have been conducted to identify their tenural rights, socio-economic, cultural 

characteristics or other laws and policies governing their systems. No tribal development plans are prepared to 

address the issues that would arise during construction. No specific plans / measures are taken in these regions 

to avoid or mitigate impacts on these communities as they are positively impacted due to the project. Land 

uptake in the Schedule V Areas in the state has not considered PESA provisions, PR acts as well as the tenurial 

rights of the tribal community on the existing resources. 

60




3.3.6.1 Land 

There has been resistance from the local community for land donation as the land available is restricted owing 

to the hilly and undulating terrain. The average land holding size is between 0.5ha to 1.5ha while the average 

land donated is 1-2m. 3 of the 13 corridors visited in the state involved donation of land by farmers with 

uneconomic land holding. The land category impacted predominantly orchards providing livelihood to the 

PAPs. 


No built up structures have been impacted in any of the corridors. There have been instances wherein the 

work has stopped due to the rivalry between the opposite land owners or because of induced negative impacts 

on the rest of the parcel as no mitigation measures are proposed. 


Agriculture is the predominant occupation of the 

people and quality patato is the main cash crop. The 

alpine region is without snow cover for only four 

months so the cash crops grown in the area are peas, 

hopps (flower used for the production of Beer). Most 

of the agricultural production is done around the 

villages. In district of Kullu, wheat, rice fields and 

orchards of plum, cherry and apple line the valley floor. 

There is resistance to voluntary donation of land in low 

and high hills due to fertile agriculture land and small 

size of land holding. In case of Orchards, even a slight 

increase in land requirement will reqire felling of a row 

of trees. Horticulture Department values each full-grown 

Apple tree at Rs. 30, 000 and sapling (1-2yr old) at Rs. 2, 

000. Due to such high value, land is not readily donated. 

Taking animals for grazing to higher reaches is prevalent 

in the state. Given the extent of land uptake, the extent of 

loss of grazing land is not likely to be significant. 

However, the changes to the natural hill slopes, especially 

due to the vertical cuts along new alignment has the 

potential to change the traditional routes adopted for 

grazing. 

The land holding sizes are not considered in the present 

process of voluntary land donation for the project. 

Damage due to not providing soil stabilization 

Soil slips in recent rains a common phenomena 

(Mandi District) 

Though there has been no instance wherein the land donor has lost substantial part of their land holding, there 

are instances where the existing land holding size is lesser than the Minimum Economic Holding (MEH). 

Impacts on such marginal land holdings are not covered. 

61



As a consequence of undulating topography the existing land under agricultural / orchards is very precious. 

Since the land holding size is small, people are not willing to part with their land. In case of orchards wherein 

the farmer donating land is very likely to lose some part of his income due to cutting of trees, no efforts are 

made to assess the impacts of the process of land donation on the source of his income. There are cases where 

the residual land holding is less than the MEH. But effort has been made to compensate them in any way. 

In the district of Lahul and Spiti, complete loss / impact of livelihood has not been found in any of the 

corridors visited. In all the three regions visited none of the corridors have impacted to extent that complete 

loss of livelihood is reported. 


Of the sample sites / corridors visited there were no conflicts arising out of the sharing of water resources 

with the local population. At certain locations, the contractor is required to pay to the owner in case of private 

sources. 


Along the corridors visited by the team, wherever common property resources has been impacted, the 

Panchayat takes the decision regarding its shifting or any other measure. This was observed in all the three 

districts i.e. Kullu, Mandi and Lahul & Spiti visited by the team. Hence the issue is not severe in any of the 

regions. 

In Lahul and Spiti district, observations onsite revealed that the villagers are cutting small drains on to the 

paved portion of the road for providing access to water into their fields after the construction of the road is 

completed. In another corridor the PWD has taken this concern into consideration by providing additional 

hume pipes of smaller diameter for irrigation purposes. 


As regards the impact on religious property along the PMGSY corridors visited during surveys, such kind of 

issue has never arose. If the need arises, alignments are modified in a manner not to disturb the religious 

structures. 

Impact on Access to MFPs 

There have been no impacts in access to the common properties and MFPs in the state as revealed by the 

villagers belonging to the ST in the state. In no, the grazing or pastureland has been significantly impacted to 

restrict or alienate the tribal rights of access on such lands. The tribal population practicing transhumance has 

not been impacted in the state due to the project. 



During construction time the temporary disruptions to the local traffic occur. No alternate routes are planned 

for villages for the construction period. Disruptions during the construction period will be observed at the 

time of use of pavers as constricted by inadequate land width in hilly tracts of the state. 

62




These include increased noise levels during construction, dust due to earthworks etc and are experienced for a 

very short duration not having significant impacts. Though these impacts are not raised by the communities, 

consideration of these issues by the contractor through regulating timings of usage of heavy machinery, dust 

suppression etc will minimize the extent of impacts. 


Consultation with the local population revealed that the people are not willing to work under the contractor. 

Rather they would prefer working for the project if provided job in PWD. Due to the fact that the wages in 

PWD are much higher as compared to the contractor. In the alpine region workers are migrant who can work 

for a limited period of four months. The region remains cutoff by road for the rest of the year because of the 

heavy snow in the area. Hence participation of local labour is parochially absent in the state. 







At times, heavy machinery like Pavers finds it difficult to move in the hilly tracts due to presence of narrow 

widths, hairpin bends and steep gradients. Apart from the huge size, a Paver generally requires a turning radius 

of 8-10 meters, which requires the road to be blocked for the normal traffic. Hence the use of Paver for 

construction work is restricted in the state. 


Short-term impacts like damages to built-up property, soil slips in terraced farm lands etc are often ignored by 

the implementing agency i.e. the HPPWD, unless impacted landowners raise an objection to the same. 

Subsequently some mitigation measures are adopted to nullify / reduce the impacts. The impacts cause more 

problems to the people in the lower & high hills than in alpine zone because of the relatively high population 

density in the first two districts as compared to the later. 

Such short-term impacts are more prevalent in the lower & higher hills. The alpine regions being sparsely 

populated, this problem does not arise. 

63



Soil Slips and high erosion potential in Kullu district Soil slips in Spiti valley along constructed road 


The aspect of road safety and health has not been considered during project implementation stage. No efforts 

were made to establish the health impacts of the project on the people of the area. Interactions with the 

villagers in the completed corridor have reported positive impacts in terms of the reduced time and cost 

factors especially at the time of emergency. There have been no reported cases of any disease/s during 

community consultations in the beneficiary villages neither due to project work nor due to migrant labour. 

There have been no case of outbreak or spread of any disease due to construction camps. Resentment of the 

village community for siting of labour camps has not been reported along any of the corridors. The same 

feedback has also been highlighted by the construction workers related to safety and health concerns. Hence 

no negative impacts are emerged on health of local people. No information boards on nearest medical facilities 

in order to provide immediate care incase of accidents exists on the project roads. No heath impacts are 

visualized while moving on the corridors in different stages of its implementation except on the health of the 

workers wherein the contractor does not provide safety equipments. 

In the districts of Kullu, Mandi and Lahul and Spiti, addressing the safety issue, parapet wall has been provided 

in the designs and proposals particularly on the valley sides along the project corridors. In a few cases, due to 

limited funds and lack of land availability, construction of parapets is not taken up. 


As per the general topography of the area, there are agricultural fields and orchards along the road. In the 

fertile areas of lower hills and valleys, the farmers are not willing to part with their land, as cultivation is the 

main source of livelihood, thereby resistance of local population donating land for the project roads has been a 

concern. This has been not been an issue in the highland areas of Lahul and Spiti which are predominantly 

rocky wastelands. 

The PWD undertakes initial reconnaissance survey of the proposed alignment to identify the existing revenue 

track and land width available. Along few corridors, in case of additional land requirement, the PIU officials 

inform the Gram Panchayat about land donation for construction of PMGSY road (as per the Himachal 

Government Notification No. PBW(B) A(7) 2-7/2000-II). The land is donated by the landowner through 

Affidavits in the name of the PIU without any legal transfer of land ownership. 

64




In the case of Himachal not much options are available with the design team to change the alignments due to 

topographic limitations thereby usually following the available track. Small changes are taken up while 

implementation of the project to save cultural properties, wells and tube wells. The projects that are approved 

in the year 2003–04, the provision of tarring is not there, it is to the extent of WBM road only. The existing 

revenue tracks in Himachal are sometimes not motorable as these were followed based on the shortest path 

but while considering the same road for upgradation the improvements are undertaken in the form of grade 

improvements and cross-pin bends improvements, turning radius etc. The reconnaissance survey conducted 

along few corridors by the PIU provides initial assessment of locations and extent for additional land 

requirement. 


In the state of Himachal Pradesh, land has been donated voluntarily (as per the PMGSY guidelines), the PWD 

has maintained a list of impacted land parcels. There are no records pertaining to the extent of loss by a PAP. 

The socio-economic profile of the PAPs has not been considered to assess the impact of the loss of asset on 

the livelihoods of the PAPs. Only in few corridors, the verification of land ownership has been undertaken, 

restricted to locations where land requirement was foreseen and objection has been raised by the landowner. 

The status of the land ownership in case it belongs to the PWD is verified only in case of any objection raised 

by any person likely to be an encroacher. No verification of alignment fixed is undertaken and also no peg 

marking is being carried out. 


The community consultation in the villages revealed that there has been no formal dissemination of 

information pertaining to the project activities, alignment details or process of voluntary land donation. It is 

only along few corridors along which there is need for land transfer that the Gram Panchayat is approached 

for donation of land. The instructions issued regarding the land acquisition in Himachal states that “ New roads 

to be constructed only if communities give land free of cost, work to start only after the land is transferred to the government” is 

provided to the community to encourage them for voluntary land donation. 


The current procedure for Voluntary Land Donation involved identification of locations for additional land 

requirement only after commencing of construction works. The landowners provide Affidavits as proof of 

land donation to the PWD prior to mobilising the machinery by the contractor. There has been no updating of 

the revenue records of land parcels donated voluntarily as the land is still in the name of the original 

landowner. 

Only after initialization of construction works, during mobilization of machines for the earthwork, the 

contractor encounters resistance from the landowners as it affects the stability of the surrounding parcels of 

land if immediate measures are not taken for soil stability. 


No inventory of the encroachments is carried out by the PIU during the initial reconnaissance survey except 

mentioning in the DPR, availability of land free of encroachments. In case of minor encroachments, cleared by 

the Contractor either on his won or with assistance of the PWD if required. 

65




The concern of the villagers has been considered prior to approval of the project roads at the district level. The 

approvals of the proposals are done at the block level from the Panchayat Samiti members and from Zilla 

Parishad at the district level. After that, there is no effort made to assess or include the concern of any of the 

stakeholders. The resolution passed in those meetings for the approval is documented. The concern/s of the 

local government is considered while approval of the corridors at the district level. After that there is no effort 

made to assess or include the concerns of any other stakeholders. The local politicians have a key role in 

influencing the prioritization of the roads in the same class interval of population. 

There has been no public consultation in the village before the initiation of the work in the village. There were 

consultations with the villagers during the implementation but there has been no documentation of the 

proceedings by the PIU. Participation of women in decision-making has been negligible as evident from village 

consultations. The people are approached through the Panchayats i.e. Panchayat are informed about the 

project. Generally the interactions take place during the start of the implementation. 


The current procedure for addressing the issues raised by the community is through mutual agreement with 

the involvement of the Sarpnach and village elders. There has been no effort to establish the direct or indirect 

impacts of the project due to land transfer. It is taken up only in cases wherein the people threaten to take legal 

steps against the implementing agency. At present, there is no formal mechanism for addressing the 

grievances of the community, generally resolved by the Gram Panchayat. 

66



D) Jharkhand 


The state of Jharkhand is characterized by dense natural vegetation and rugged topography. Geologically the 

state consists of Deccan Lava with an average elevation of 1100 m. Number of rivers and rivulets viz. barakar, 

damodar, north koel and south koel, etc. flow down through the hilly terrains and valleys. 

Jharkhand with a total area 79,714 sq km, provide habitation to approximately about 3 Crore people. Out of 

the total Population, the tribal population in the Jharkhand State consists of 54 lakh people, representing 27.8 

per cent of entire population of the state. About one third of the total population engaged in agriculture and 

allied activities. Secondary sector also employ considerable workers, as the state is rich in minerals and related 

industries. 

The infrastructure availability for the population is poor through out the state. The villages lack any form of 

communication facilities along with poor level of transport facility. Medical facilities and drinking water 

sources are absent in many of the villages. 


3.2.1 Climate 

Climate in Jharkhand is moist humid to sub-humid. Average rainfall in the area ranges from 1315mm to 

1404mm. Due to heavy rainfall in the area, construction work is stopped in few locationsby the contractor. It 

not only causes delay, but also earthwork of uncompacted embankment gets washed away. Contractor had 

67



generally not taken into account these adverse climatic conditions during while scheduling construction 

activities. 

Soil Erosion due to runoff, Kothia to Chandubathan, 

Dumka 


Jharkhand is characterised by undulating terrain in the 

north(Chota – Nagpur Hills) and relatively plain southern 

portion ( Chota – Nagpur plateau). Changes in topography 

due to the PMGSY is only localised due to the formation of 

borrow trenches along the roads taken up. No adverse 

impacts are identified on the topography due to the project. 

3.2.3 Geology 

The physiographic regions, Chota-Nagpur Hills and Chota- 

Nagpur Plateau are low-lying hills with occasional hill 

outcrops. No major hill cutting is involved along the project 

roads visited in general except in one corridor in Hazaribag. 

Hence, no impacts on geology of the region are observed 

along the PMGSY corridors. 

3.2.4 Soil characteristics 

Soil in Jharkhand in general is red sandy, red and yellow, red 

loamy soil. The texture is loosely bound. Due to low binding 

properties, and low bearing capacity, the soil spreads on 

application of load under damp conditions. Hence, erosion of 

soil is a common phenomenon in the region. Slope protection 

Plain Terrain, Kordha mode to Karudin, Dumka 

measures as stone pitching or sidewalls for retaining earth are not carried out even for embankments as high as 

2m. 


Borrow Trenches, Kustey Garaha to Bhubhai in 

Hazaribag 

Hill cutting, Jarjara to Badam via Dokatam 

Pasaria, Hazaribag 

The existing air quality along completed roads is observed to be pristine. No source of pollution is identified in 

the region. During construction, the consultations did not reveal any perceptible change in air quality. Dust 

rising if any, is for the limited time period i.e., during excavation for borrowing material. During rest of the 

68



time, the embankment material gets moistened for consolidation and is subsequently laid with the road metal. 

Hence, dust nuisance during construction is also limited in extent and time. 

Borrowed earth exposing fresh soil, Lipiya to 

Korambeym, Hazaribag 


Red & Yellow soil in Kordha mode to Karudih, 

Dumka 

Except at locations connecting the major roads, higher noise levels are not observed along the PMGSY roads. 

Since most of the construction is done manually, noise due to machinery is not observed except during rolling 

of embankment and pavement. Only one roller is being used for the stretch under construction, hence, noise 

during construction is not having perceptible impacts. Due to the low volume of traffic, impacts due to noise 

from traffic in the operation period would be insignificant. 

3.2.7 Water quality and availability 

Water is a scarce resource in the eastern part of Chota-Nagpur hills. The contractor in this region has to wait 

for the rainy season due to non-availability of water during dry months. In rest of the region, water is available 

from the nearby rivers and ponds. 

No impacts are observed on water bodies due to procurement and sharing of water resources from the nearby 

rivers and ponds. Sedimentation is increasing in the pond water of Chota Nagpur Plateau along the PMGSY 

corridors due to soil erosion elsewhere being deposited in water bodies. 


Due to rolling terrain in the northern part of Jharkhand, water immediately drains after rains. No drainage 

problems exist in this region. In the southern districts i.e., in Chota-Nagpur plateau and in eastern parts of the 

state, improper drainage causes problems during rains. Longitudinal drains are provided to collect the runoff 

from the road surface. Only cross-drainage structures are provided to discharge the floodwater across the 

road. This effects the embankment due to erosion caused by runoff generated by the undulating terrain. The 

provisions made in most of the cases are satisfactory except for the damage due to runoff to the 

embankments. 

69



3.2.9 Forests 

The undulating terrain and steep hills of Chota-Nagpur have significant area under forests. Hazaribag is one of 

the districts in this region and is having reserved forests. The PMGSY corridors do not pass through reserved 

forests. However, PMGSY road passes through notified forests in village sections in Jarjara to Badam via 

Dukatarn Paseria in Barakagoan Block in Hazaribag. 

Few trees occurring along the alignment as Palash, Khajoor 

etc and small shrubs are cut for the project. However, no 

trees like Sal are removed for road construction. Tribals in 

the region worship the trees and do not allow their 

removal for road. Though the PMGSY road in Hazaribagh 

pass through notified forest (Pasaria forest), the Govt. of 

Jharkhand has permitted blacktopping of existing roads but 

without widening. No tree plantation is being planned as 

part of the project implementation. 

3.2.10 Fauna 

Notified Forest area along PMGSY Corridor, Bhalki 

to Simra, Dumka 

The state as a whole has good forest cover and is having 

potentially higher faunal population in the reserved forests. Corridors that are passing through reserved forests 

are not taken up under PMGSY and hence there shall be no impact on fauna. 

3.2.11 Agricultural practices 

Food crops as paddy, maize, yellow gram, leafy 

vegetables, potatoes etc., are cultivated in the region. 

These were being locally consumed due to absence of 

connectivity to markets and perishable nature of the 

products. With the construction of the roads, there is 

increased access to markets and consequently, more 

diversified agricultural practices are likely to be 

implemented. The existing products are fetching higher 

prices with the improved quality of the produce due to 

easy marketability. 

In few corridors, which are under different stages of 

implementation, no impacts are observed on the standing crops in the parcel of land adjoining proposed roads. 

3.2.12 Induced Development 

Agricultural activities adjacent to corridor, Jarjara to 

Badam via Dokatam Paseria, Hazaribag 

In few corridors at the junction of the corridor with major roads, land use is tending to change from 

agriculture to commercial. Though no instances of ribbon development along the PMGSY corridors are 

observed, these are likely to occur if the corridor passes through the settlements. Growth of the settlement in 

such cases, may occur along the road, leading to land use changes. Commercial activities have started coming 

up along completed stretches of PMGSY. Weekly markets were seen on Kothia to Chandaubatham in 

Sariyahat block in Dumka district. 

70



3.2.13 Availability of construction material 

Quarry material is available from existing sources, which are 

being used for other construction activities as well. Due to 

pressure on the resources, sometimes there is shortage of 

construction material. 

Water is scarce in the Chhota nagpur plateau and in parts of 

Chhota nagpur hills during summer. Hence, construction 

works are delayed. In rest of the year, water is obtained from 

nearby rivers and ponds. No conflict of uses with those of 

domestic users is observed due to water extraction, as the 

sources are located away from settlements. 

3.2.14 Handling of earthwork 

Earthwork during construction is mostly confined to borrowing in adjacent fields. But due to limitation of 

available land width, earth has to be extracted from the adjacent fields, trampling the existing vegetation. 


The implementation agencies in the state/district are not aware of the concept of topsoil conservation and 

reuse. Soil is borrowed for fill material and along with it topsoil is also utilised. The farmers are filling the 

trenches by turning over the topsoil in their fields into the trenches, losing their fertile soil. There is a need for 

awareness on topsoil conservation to retain good fertility levels in adjoining fields. 

3.2.16 Quarry & Borrow areas and their 

rehabilitation 

Material from the quarry areas and borrow areas is being 

extracted for the project. There is no provision for 

rehabilitation of these areas either in the mandate of PWD or 

in the contractor’s works. Hence, the borrow trenches are 

being left as it is, which constitute a safety hazard. 

Space constraint and Spill over of construction 

acitivities to adjacent land, Patratu to Palu, 

Hazaribag 

3.2.17 Public safety 

No rehabilitation of Borrow areas, Saraiya hat to 

Godighopa, Dumka 

Safety of public during construction is not being considered 

during planning of construction works. No diversions are provided for the road users even in hilly terrain. 

People try to move over the road works in progress, or try to move adjacent to the construction work leading 

to accidents, raising a safety concern. 

71



Chaibasa Rly crossing to Roro river, West Singhbhum Construction Debris along road side, Kustegarha to 

Bhubhai, Hazaribag 

3.2.18 Labour camps & Worker’s safety 

Most of the labourers working in the construction activities are local labour living nearby. The skilled labour is 

outstation labour and residential arrangements are needed for them. Labourers in most of the cases stayed in 

nearby schools. In case of Dumka, the contractor constructed temporary huts for the labour. No other sanitary 

arrangements are made available. 

The contractors do not provide for safety of worker’s at the construction site. Worker’s engaged for bitumen 

heating and application of seal coat are also not provided with adequate protection gear. 

The participation of women is in the form of unskilled labour. Due to the low per capita incomes, working as 

daily wage labourers acts as an additional source of income for the villagers in most of the corridors. 

3.2.19 Construction Debris Management 

Construction debris is left out along the roadsides and is not cleared. Consultation with the contractor reveals 

that cleaning of debris after completion of construction is a part of his terms of contract, but it has to be 

ensured that clearing is effected before finalizing the claims of the contractor. 

3.3 Socio-Economic Environment 


The following categories of land were identified along the project corridors: 

Private land: These are land, which are under individual ownership and can be transferred through the 


Government Lands: Gair Majua (GM) Khas and Gair Majua (GM) Aam: In the state of Jharkhand, the 

Government Lands are demarcated as the Gair Majua (GM) Khas and Gair Majua (GM) Aam1 land in the 

1 The origin of these terms originate in the Zamindari System where the land which was owned by the Zamindar was 

known as the Khas land and those given to the people for their use against some tax was known as aam land. Before the 

abolition of the Zamindari System some of the land was donated to the people by the Zamindars in such cases they 

becam e the titleholder of the land. Som e of the land which were under the possession of the Zamindar at the time of the 

abolition of the Zamindari system were transferred to the Government and were subsequently known as GM Land 

72



Revenue Records. Since the title of these lands rest with the Government, they can be transferred from to the 




In Dumka, contractor with the help of REO officials took in writing from villagers that the village land shall 

be made available for realignment of Kordha mode to Karuddin Corridor in Saraiyahat block. Any transfer of 

the land taken for the project to the PWD is not possible as per the provisions of the Santhal Parganas Act. 

Interactions with the District Revenue officers and the PIU revealed that the realignment suggested does not 

pass through tribal lands. 

Though transfer of tribal lands for PMGSY roads in Jharkhand was not witnessed along the corridors visited, 

there is a likelihood of land requirement in other projects, which would need to be planned considering the 

provisions of the Chota Nagpur and Santhal Paraganas Acts. The legal status of each land category is presented 

in Table 3.9. 







The roads with a clear land availability of 5-8 m have been taken up for the PMGSY. In the plateau region 

generally, the width of the roads selected was found sufficient to accommodate the proposed improvements; 

therefore, no land uptake was required. In the other regions private land has been taken up at several locations, 

through voluntary land donation. The width of land uptake has been upto a maximum of 2-3m on either side. 


In the state of Jharkhand, PMGSY has been taken up where land is available. Though along few corridors, 

need for private land has been identified upto 2-3 metres, locations where (i) curve improvements, (ii) passing 

places, (iii) design improvements for safety, and (iv) any suggestion by the community. The land requirements 

are accomplished through voluntary land donation in case of private land transfer and inter-departmental 

transfers for Government land. 


The likely impacts on the sensitive environmental and social locations have been addressed through alterations 

in the alignment of the corridor. Design modifications of the proposed road have been undertaken in plateau 

region. The cross section of the proposed corridor is restricted within the available land width especially in the 

settlement sections. 

73



3.3.5 Alignment selection 

Selection of villages is done on the basis of ‘core network 2 ’ of District Rural Road Plan (DRRP). Villages with 

population above 1000 arranged in descending order, connected with kachha road and also lack all weather 

road, not connected from any side, are given priority. Proposals are sent to the MLAs & MP of the respective 

constituencies for their opinion and comments received are incorporated as per the guidelines. List of selected 

villages are sent to the Secretary, Department of Rural Development, Ranchi who in turn sends list to the 

Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India, for confirmation. Once, the confirmation is received Detailed 

Project Report (DPR) is prepared by the office of the Executive Engineer. The DPR is send to State Technical 

Agency (STA) BIT Mesra, who scrutinises the relevance of expenses on the basis of inspection & site visit. 

The DPRs scrutinised are sent further to Department of Rural Development, Ranchi & Ministry of Rural 

Development Govt. of India for approval and release of fund. Length of roads ranges from 3.5 to 21.5 km in 

the districts of Hazaribag, West Singhbhum and Dumka and cover number of villages throughout the length 

that feature in core network of the DRRP. 

PMGSY road passes through Pachkatia village in kordha mode to Banbara Corridor in Jarmundi 

block in Dumka. The contractor in consultation with REO office and the villagers has constructed 

the road from outside the village, bypassing the habitation area to avoid impact on structures in the 

village. Here farmers have provided land for the proposed the PMGSY road to save their structures. 

Rural Engineering Organization tries to select roads such that all blocks get equal road length. But the interests 

of the villagers are not taken into consideration while developing the core network. If sensitive environmental 

features as trees and ponds are present, the alignment shall be slightly shifted to avoid the impacts. 

Constriction of the cross section is being considered if any impacts on trees are involved by following the 

cross section as per guidelines. No alternative materials for construction are sought for in the project. 

Shifting of alignment due to Pond, Singhpura to 

Asuria, West Singhbhum 

Table 1 

Constriction of alignment to save trees, Kuster 

Garaha to Bhulehai corridor in Hazaribag 

2 villages are surveyed, important roads, habitation & other lands are identified and branches of roads are also investigated 

& marked & a status report of the village is prepared 

74




The districts visited namely Hazaribag, West Singhbhum and Dumka are developing regions in terms of 

literacy, urbanization and social development. Hazaribag has rich mineral base, Dumka is a religious centre 

with a famous temple like Basukinath Shiv temple. Large numbers of devotees visit the temple and there is 

influx of economic activities due to the pilgrims. Low infrastructure development Low value of bank deposits 

and low value of production are observed in the area. West Singhbhum and Dumka have large tribal 

population; hence, these are reserved parliamentary constituencies for the Scheduled Tribes. 

The infrastructure availability for the population is poor through out the state. The villages lack any form of 

communication facilities along with poor level of transport facility. Medical facilities and drinking water 

sources are absent in many of the villages. 

Food crops as paddy, maize, yellow gram, leafy vegetables, potatoes etc., are cultivated in the region. These 

were being locally consumed due to absence of connectivity to markets and perishable nature of the products. 

With the construction of the roads, there is increased access to markets and consequently, more diversified 

agricultural practices are likely to be implemented. The existing products are fetching higher prices with the 

improved quality of the produce due to easy marketability. 

In few corridors, which are under different stages of implementation, no impacts are observed on the standing 

crops in the parcel of land adjoining proposed roads. 

3.3.6.1 Project affected people 

The number of people whose land is to be affected is not ascertained prior to mobilisation of the contractor. 

The contractor usually manages any grievances related to compensation. As revealed from the community 

consultations, there are project-affected households along 4 of the 13 corridors visited. Out of the 29 PAPs 

(participants during consultations during site visits), the percentage share of ST is approximately 60% as the 

tribal population is significant in the tribal districts of Hazaribagh and Dumka with 61% and 50% respectively. 

Nearly 30% of the PAP households are SC with 10% of PAPs belonging to BPL category. Only 2 of the 29 

impacted households have uneconomic land holdings. Nearly 85%of the PAPs are engaged in agriculture and 

related activities such as animal rearing etc. Table 3.10 provides provide the profile of the PAPs consulted 

during community consultation in the state. 


Corridors 

visited 

Table 3.10: Profile of the PAPs in the state of Jharkhand 


PAPs 

HH 


District 

Below Women 

Uneconomic 

Scheduled Scheduled 

Poverty Headed Handicap Land 

Caste Tribe 

Line Households 

Holding 

Hazaribagh 5 23 7 14 2 0 0 0 

Pashchimi 

Singhbhum 

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dumka 4 6 2 3 1 0 0 2 


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3.3.6.2 Project Displaced People 

Since the land requirement is marginal, none of the project-affected people are displaced. There is no loss of 

livelihood to the agricultural labourers also. Farmers restore the affected land with the completion of 

construction by filling the borrow trenches, and hence regaining most of the land donated for borrowing. This 

does not affect even the vulnerable groups. 

3.3.6.3 Indigenous People 

Consultations in the West Singhbhum and Dumka (designated as Tribal Districts) reveal 60% of the PAPs as 

ST households with no formal consultations done by the PIU to ascertain concerns related to PMGSY road in 

tribal areas. No tribal development plans are prepared to address the issues that would arise during 

construction. No specific plans / measures are taken in these regions to avoid or mitigate impacts on these 

communities as they are positively impacted due to the project. 

No studies have been conducted to identify their tenural rights, socio-economic, cultural characteristics or 

other laws and policies governing their systems. Consultations are conducted as in other places to understand 

their willingness and necessity for the project implementation in their regions before the start of the project or 

before its initial sanction from the government. Land uptake in the Schedule V Areas in the state has not 

considered PESA provisions, the Santhal Paraganas Act and Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act. Conformity to the 

existing land tenural rights if any, has not been given any considerations. 


3.3.7.1 Land 

The land use along the corridor visited is primarily cultivated area with patches open land. The average land 

holding size along the corridors is between 0.5 ha to 2ha, varying from 0.5-2.5ha in the district of Hazaribagh 

and 1-2ha in other two districts of West Singhbhum and Dumka. On an average 1-2m of the total land holding 

has been donated by the landowner for PMGSY as evident from the extent of loss of land along 4 corridors in 

the state. Majority of the impacted land is open barren area and agricultural land without any major impact on 

the productive land holding size of the PAPs. 


There has been no reported instance of loss of structures during the construction of PMGSY roads. This can 

attributed to the fact the designs of the alignments are as per the available land width in the settlements and 

also as the roads are not passing through the habitation. 


As per the findings of the community consultation including PAPs shows that there has been no loss of 

livelihood due to the project and through land donation. Due consideration is given to the harvesting seasons 

to avoid any impact on the standing crops along the project corridors. Also, along any corridor the grazing or 

pastureland has been impacted to the extent of loss of its utility or access especially in the areas with tribal 

population. 

76





Common property resources such as ponds, hand-pumps exist along the roads, but none of these are being 

affected due to the project. The contractor with slight realignments has avoided impacts on the common 

properties wherever they occur. Relocation of these assets was not found necessary as per the community 

consultation since not impacted. No implementation measures such as enhancement of these properties, is 

being under taken. 


No instance of impacts on cultural or religious property has been reported during consultation with the 

community. As per the PIU, alignments have been modified to circumvent any impacts on such structures. 

Temple along roadside, Kustegarha to Bhubhai, 

Hazaribag 



Hand pump along the road, Bhalki to Simra, Dumka 

During construction time the temporary disruptions to the local traffic occur. No alternate routes are planned 

for villages for the construction period. Disruptions during the construction period will be observed at the 

time of use of pavers as constricted by inadequate land width in hilly tracts of the state. 


These included increased noise levels during construction, dust due to earthworks etc are experienced for a 

short duration. Consideration of these issues by the contractor through regulating timings of usage of heavy 

equipments, dust suppression etc will minimize the extent of impacts. 


77








Unskilled labour is being engaged from the villages along the alignment. Participation of people in construction 

activities is present in all packages and is engaged at Rs. 60 - 80 per day. Female also worked on road 

construction. Increased employment opportunities and diversification into construction activities from the 

seasonal agricultural activities is seen in the villages. 


The increase of access to health facilities is a positive benefit to the villagers. But none of the villagers are 

aware of any adverse health affects due to the increased access. No communicable diseases have spread due to 

contact with people outside the village so far. As revealed from the consultations with the local population, 

there has been no instance involving spread of any disease due to the migrant construction labourer. The 

migrant labourer has not faced any form of resentment from the village community during the construction 

work for the project. The contractor has neglected the safety of the labourers during construction. 


Movement of construction machinery as rollers and earthmoving equipment on the adjacent lands have 

temporary impacts during construction. No other impacts are occurring to the people during this stage. Labour 

is available from the local villages but skilled labour stays in the nearby areas. The villagers in these cases 

cooperate with the resident labour and there is healthy interaction. No conflict of uses is identified, as the 

numbers of such labour are small. 


People in the interior parts of the state especially in the tribal dominated areas are lacking adequate 

infrastructure facilities. The existing revenue tracks get submerged during heavy rains, cutting the 

communication with rest of the communities and areas. Hence they feel the project to be of immense value to 

their village in improving their quality of life. Realising this they donate the land for the project with out any 

resistance or hesitation. No confrontations for land availability are observed in the state. Consultations with 

the people reveal their willingness for voluntary donation and also transfer of ownership of the land parcel 

donated to the PMGSY. In most of the cases people are cooperative and are inclined to see that road is 

constructed for their benefit. 


The locations for additional land width required is undertaken by the PIU through initial field visit. There has 

been no involvement of the revenue department (official, records or maps) during the process of identification 

of existing revenue track to be taken up under PMGSY. 

78




No regular land records are maintained with the revenue department to identify the land ownership. Status of 

ownership or verification of RoW is not undertaken either during the identification of existing revenue track or 

at the design stage. As the Panchayat Raj system is not as regular as in other states, in most of the villages there 

are no Pradhan or Mukhiya. There has absence of any sort of interactions between the PIU and the village 

community at any stage of project implementation. In case of any issue pertaining to land ownership, these are 

sorted out by the contractor/engineer through dialogue with the community. 


There has been no formal dissemination of information about the project details prior to the finalization of the 

alignment. It is only through consultation with the village head and at times the community (in case of land 

width requirement or impact on any cultural / common property) that the villagers are consulted. Any 

information related to the details of the alignment and construction schedule are not shared by the PIU / 

Contractor with the community. 


Interactions with the communities during the field visits revealed no resentment from the communities in 

parting with the land parcels. Also, as the land holdings are large and the extent of land required is small, there 

is no resentment to voluntarily donate land for the project. No regular land records are maintained with the 

revenue department. The status of ownership or verification of RoW is also not verified during the planning 

and design stage. Along 5 of the 12 corridors visited, the contractor has obtained a written confirmation as a 

proof of donation of land from the communities. In other locations, if any problems of ownership arise these 

are sorted out by the contractor/engineer with the concerned landowner. Interactions with the communities in 

the tribal district of Dumka revealed that the processes do not differ in the tribal districts. 

Villagers of Pachkatia, Kordha mode to Karuddin Corridor in Saraiyahat block in Dumka assembled 

at local temple and vowed to give land wherever required at village sections for PMGSY road. The 

contractor with the help of Assistant Engineer of REO took in writing from them that village land is 

shall be made available for road construction. Likewise, in Kustegarha to Bhubai village corridor in 

Gola Block, contractor managed to take in writing from villagers that land will be made available for 

PMGSY road. Such type of exercise was done to avoid any future controversy in land being taken for 

PMGSY road. 

The transfer of the strip of land taken up for road construction is not initiated in any of the stretches visited. It 

is only through identification of locations for additional land requirement through field observation by the 

PIU, subsequently consulting the concerned landowner who later on submits a written document for 

voluntarily donating the land is undertaken in the state. 

79



Tribals in PMGSY villages, Kordha Mode to Karudih, 

Dumka 


Table 2 

Tribals in PMGSY villages, Kustegarha to Bhubhai, 

Hazaribag 

No inventory of the encroachments is carried out by the PIU during the initial reconnaissance survey. 

Encroachers were cleared by the Contractor with assistance of the REO if required. 


Interactions are held with beneficiaries either in villages or in REO office. There is no formal documentation 

of these consultations with REO. However, District Rural Development Agency maintains documentations of 

their official proceedings. Engineers consult villagers during survey for the proposed road. No photographs of 

the consultations are being taken and are not a practice in the consultation process. There has been no formal 

consultation and information dissemination about the project features, activities and impacts undertaken. 

3.3.10.1 Addressal of concerns of stakeholders 

Villagers consult the field staff in case of any concerns and get sorted out through them. Executive engineer is 

consulted only in case of major issues. All the villagers are aware of the benefits that would accrue due to the 

project and hence are enthusiastic in taking part in the construction activities. No separate consultations with 

vulnerable groups are held. However, concerns of small farmers are considered and brought to notice of the 

concerned authorities for appropriate action by the field staff. 


There exists no formal mechanism for addressing the concerns and issues raised by the community. The 

contractor and the engineer on site resolve the grievances of the impacted person or community. No record or 

documentation of the existing procedure of grievance redressal is undertaken depicting the type of grievances 

and how resolved. In some places contractor with the help of REO officials took in writing from villagers that 

the village / private land shall be available for PMGSY road. 

3.3.12 Implementation Arrangements 

3.3.12.1 Agencies Involved 

District Rural Development Agency: Lands are identified during meeting with District Rural Development 

Agency (DRDA). PMGSY cell of Rural Engineering Organisation (REO) inform the villager and the Pradhan 

80



regarding proposed road construction and agricultural land to be taken for increasing the width of the road. 

With the oral consent of the villagers, work will be scheduled for construction. There is no Panchyati Raj 

administration in Jharkhand. No single case of encroachment on kachha road could be found. 

Revenue Department has no role to play in terms of updating the revenue records in this state. In Dumka 

village survey in the district is in process, which will take into account the PMGSY and rest of village records. 

State Technical Agency (STA): BIT (Mesra) is appointed as the STA for the PMGSY. It accords clearance 

to the packages prepared, based on its academic experience and field visits. STA did not have an active role in 

the Phase I as it was mobilized a bit late, however; its role is strengthened in Phase II. 

Other Departments involved: Presence of sensitive features as trees will necessitate intimation to the forest 

department. Forest Deptt. is supposed to fell if the trees are a part of roadside plantations. However, in 

practice villagers themselves cut the tree if the trees and shrubs are obstacles in road construction. Few trees 

namely Palash and Khajoor etc. and shrubs have been cut for PMGSY road construction in Jharkhand. 

The above arrangements are in place at present and are functioning as per the guidelines. However, as per the 

official’s working under PMGSY infrastructure and facilities provided to the department and staff are 

inadequate. This results in difficulties in movement of officials and delays in reaching the site. 

3.3.12.2 Supervision and Monitoring 

Specific formats for monthly progress reports are submitted to the government at various levels. However, 

formats for reporting are slightly modified to suit the conditions in the district w.r.t providing a number of 

culverts, road height, embankment slope, turfing etc. The Executive Engineer undertakes field visits every 

month for monitoring physical and financial progress. The Central Monitoring Agency (CRRI) has monitored 

the project and has provided necessary guidance. No online monitoring system is present in the State. 

3.3.12.3 Capacity Building 

No workshops so far have been organized for providing training to the officials at any stage of the PMGSY 

scheme. This is one of the reasons for lack of awareness about the environmental / social aspects in the 

project among officials and authorities involved in the implementation of the scheme. 

81

4. ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL ISSUES 

Site visits conducted as part of the study have enabled identification of environmental and social issues in 

each Physiographic region. Since the corridors chosen for field visits are in different stages of project, issues 

at various stages are identified. It is observed that most of the issues arising in construction stage is due to 

poor / inadequate project preparation. With the improvement in project preparation activities the 

construction and monitoring practices are to be streamlined to avoid impacts on environment / roadside 

properties. The environmental and social issues that are likely during all stages of the project are presented in 

the Table 4-1. Avoidance/mitigation measures are worked out for the issues identified. 

Table 4-1: Environmental and social issues in the four states 

Sl.No. Environmental & Social issues Rajasthan 

Uttar 

Pradesh Himachal 

Pradesh 

Jharkhand 

1 

Scheduling of Construction without climatic 

considerations 

 

2 Changes in topography due to hill cutting X X X 

3 Impacts on geology due to quarrying in sensitive areas X X X 

4 Conservation of top soil X 

5 Water extraction for construction in dry seasons 

6 

Cross drainage, road side drainage inadequacy and water 

logging 

 

7 

Identification and conservation of rare/endangered 

flora/fauna in sensitive areas 

X X 

8 Tree cutting and absence of afforestation 

9 Induced development and change in Landuse 

10 

Occupational health safeguards of workers, traffic safety 

and public safety during construction 

 

11 Debris Disposal inadequate 

12 Quarry area rehabilitation in case new quarries are opened 

13 

Minimisation of Resettlement Impacts through design 

modifications, analysis of alternatives 

Extent of compliance to existing legal processes / 

 

14 

constitutional provisions 

- Voluntary land donation, PESA provisions, Tribal land 

uptake in Schedule V Areas, land tenural rights if any. 

 

15 

Non Involvement of affected communities prior to project 

finalisation 

Identification and planning of resettlement. Transparency 

 

in 

16 - The process of voluntary land donation 

- Entitlement provisions and identification of Entitled 

Persons 

 

17 

Assessment of extent and magnitude of impacts (loss of 

livelihood, vulnerability etc) 

 

18 Measures to avoid /mitigate impacts on tribal population 

19 Provision for compensating assets lost 

20 

Entitlement provisions for project affected and vulnerable 

groups 

 

21 

Implementation Arrangements for disbursal of 

entitlements 

 

22 Financial provisions for land uptake 

24 Participatory mechanisms for projects in Tribal districts 

25 Disclosure of project information 

82

Annexure - 1: Social, Economic and Infrastructure Indicators used for selecting districts 

Social Parameters Economic Parameters 

Avergae 

Value of Value of 

State/region District 

Population 

Gender Ratio Female 

Urbanisation Literacy 

Female 

Rural % SC % ST Land Bank Deposits 

Value of 

Agicultural Mineral Bank Deposits Credit (Rs 

Density 

(Females/1000 Population 

(%) 

(%) 

Literacy( 

Literacy (%) Population Population Holding (% share) 

production 

production production (Rs PC) 

PC) 

males) 

(%) 

%) 

Size (ha) 

(Rs/ha) 

(Rs PC) (Rs PC) 

Credit to 

Agriculture (Rs 

PC) 

Credit to 

Industry 

(Rs PC) 

Main Workers 

(%) 

Marginal 

Workers (%) 

Non Workers (%) IDI 

Primary 

Hospital & Primary Middle/High 

Health 

Dispenary Schools er Schools 

Centes 

(/lakh pop) (/lakh pop) (/lakh pop) 

(/lakh pop) 

Rajasthan 129 910 47.64 22.88 38.55 20.44 30.37 17.29 12.44 3.95 2.93 4876 1998 67.72 3811 1878 399 717 31.6 7.2 61.1 87.27 3.16 67.52 29.12 

North arid Ganganagar 127 877 46.73 21.05 41.82 26.39 35.75 29.58 0.34 6.70 15.44 7392 4850 59.19 3348 1946 849 410 30.2 7.1 62.8 95.29 1.44 18.86 64.28 33.25 

Southern plains Banswara 229 969 49.22 7.72 26.00 13.42 21.46 5.00 73.47 1.76 5.59 4466 1181 4.77 2732 848 219 264 32.5 13.9 53.6 84.86 4.28 0.15 89.39 30.26 

Bhilwara 1095 945 48.58 19.53 31.65 16.50 24.31 17.12 9.02 2.12 7.53 7025 1929 35.62 2824 3583 395 2473 40.4 6.3 53.3 100.11 3.91 0.11 80.39 30.98 

Chittaurgarh 137 950 48.71 15.61 34.28 17.15 27.80 14.63 20.28 2.43 7.56 7505 2673 217.78 3066 1172 387 334 41.5 7.6 51.0 99.93 3.74 24.39 132.83 29.05 

Pali 120 956 48.88 21.75 35.50 16.97 30.13 18.15 5.40 3.97 7.17 3826 1704 2.00 2976 1028 268 300 31.5 6.6 61.9 94.74 4.11 39.47 62.33 27.67 

Sirohi 127 949 48.70 19.51 31.94 16.99 23.05 19.24 23.39 2.81 4.87 5215 1577 123.85 4473 1792 294 929 31.3 7.1 61.6 105.55 3.69 32.62 50.95 22.40 

Udaipur 167 965 49.12 17.10 34.38 19.00 25.81 8.32 36.79 1.68 23.46 5317 848 365.57 4817 225 156 1252 33.0 10.3 56.7 90.63 2.66 0.18 77.22 27.54 

Dungarpur NA 

Eastern plains Ajmer 204 918 47.87 40.69 52.34 34.50 35.10 18.50 2.30 2.17 19.18 3519 893 38.46 6689 1926 334 681 35.8 3.8 60.4 90.89 2.38 0.21 75.40 28.87 

Alwar 274 880 46.81 13.95 43.09 22.54 38.02 17.78 8.06 1.92 12.45 7577 2157 0.26 3075 2114 428 1237 30.4 10.0 59.6 92.50 2.91 0.37 66.32 36.03 

Bharatpur 326 832 45.41 19.42 42.96 19.60 37.84 21.64 2.31 1.95 6.83 7643 2446 0.45 3209 1582 876 270 27.0 7.7 65.2 91.63 3.74 0.46 82.70 51.18 

Bundi 139 889 47.05 17.36 32.75 16.13 26.02 18.79 2.25 2.44 2.93 8713 3446 35.71 2137 1256 757 168 34.2 6.0 59.8 107.96 3.09 0.44 79.75 41.47 

Dholpur 247 795 44.30 17.19 35.09 12.25 31.01 20.17 4.59 1.66 2.00 8018 27.5 2.1 70.4 93.58 

Jaipur 336 891 47.13 39.53 47.88 28.69 34.49 16.23 11.26 3.32 74.39 4885 1056 11.35 8497 5302 521 2099 30.1 4.1 65.8 94.45 1.55 0.38 50.53 30.94 

Kota 163 887 47.01 36.43 47.88 29.50 34.93 19.72 14.20 3.08 15.80 6061 1511 33.42 4399 2610 740 187 31.4 4.8 63.8 98.23 1.26 0.29 58.80 30.98 

S.Madhopur 186 854 46.07 14.84 36.27 14.64 32.01 21.86 22.59 2.07 6.09 7242 2006 3.64 1780 1044 522 66 30.2 8.2 61.6 77.14 2.29 0.09 62.60 29.32 

Tonk 136 923 48.01 19.53 33.67 15.24 28.29 20.20 11.89 3.55 3.41 4921 2436 0.72 2052 928 468 88 35.9 5.7 58.5 86.59 3.96 1.08 73.32 32.12 

Southern plateau Jhalawar 154 918 47.86 15.78 32.94 16.18 26.32 17.23 11.89 2.72 2.45 4322 1902 1523 726 330 156 38.2 5.4 56.3 87.99 3.25 30.89 92.32 26.91 

West arid Barmar 51 891 47.11 10.04 22.97 7.68 18.79 15.70 5.87 13.77 3.34 629 644 5.09 1333 424 158 110 33.6 10.8 55.6 75.47 3.90 16.40 96.37 27.66 

Bikaner 44 885 46.95 39.73 41.73 27.03 24.07 18.64 0.26 12.06 10.97 1239 986 34.53 4760 1476 390 331 29.9 6.0 64.2 92.11 2.47 0.67 147.02 32.15 

Churu 70 937 48.81 29.22 21.86 9.81 14.62 20.13 0.51 10.86 7.58 1155 933 0.15 2766 748 336 65 30.0 8.6 61.4 71.13 3.31 0.66 51.18 24.82 

Jaisalmer 9 807 44.65 15.56 30.05 11.28 23.10 14.55 4.85 15.44 1.55 2603 2026 186.92 2383 952 269 257 29.5 7.4 63.1 73.60 3.77 76.75 106.19 35.55 

Jalor 107 942 48.50 7.28 23.76 7.75 21.36 17.79 8.43 6.24 2.94 2642 1704 0.90 1488 548 309 47 32.0 9.3 58.8 91.83 4.03 51.78 51.76 21.81 

Jhunjhunu 265 931 48.22 20.54 47.60 25.54 44.65 15.37 1.93 3.07 8.61 2513 805 390.45 3069 92 340 217 24.4 9.0 66.6 82.73 3.98 0.54 56.91 33.65 

Jodhpur 94 891 47.13 35.50 40.69 22.58 26.00 15.27 2.82 9.25 19.99 1389 758 5283 2049 150 908 30.7 5.8 63.5 79.56 2.91 0.36 55.37 16.77 

Nagaur 121 942 48.50 15.98 31.80 13.29 28.14 19.73 0.22 6.21 6.94 2617 1483 12.15 1814 507 168 88 33.4 6.3 60.3 78.74 3.48 0.36 51.86 20.12 

Sikar 238 946 48.60 21.03 42.49 19.88 39.03 14.00 2.65 3.37 9.63 3113 956 6.04 2889 684 242 93 25.1 6.6 68.3 84.47 3.10 29.07 55.36 23.69 

Uttar Pradesh 473 879 46.78 19.84 41.60 25.31 36.66 21.05 0.21 0.89 10.08 10690 1800 38.35 4218 1311 258 501 29.7 2.5 67.8 112.04 2.47 50.11 58.06 12.82 

North Eastern Plains Bahraich 402 841 45.68 7.85 24.39 10.73 22.01 16 0.34 0.87 7.18 5541 1288 1521 508 244 69 33.0 5.8 61.2 68.38 26.93 53.25 7.67 

Basti 639 916 47.80 6.42 35.54 17.82 33.74 21 0.01 0.73 9.89 9338 1537 2120 670 157 302 29.6 3.3 67.1 80.00 33.78 55.07 12.82 

Deoria 815 967 49.15 7.35 37.30 18.75 35.30 15 0.01 0.61 18.27 10032 1332 2374 480 145 110 27.5 3.7 68.8 82.65 17.54 48.71 9.54 

Gonda 486 873 46.61 7.41 27.34 12.58 24.67 16 0.43 0.74 14.01 7062 1241 2275 726 200 321 33.0 3.7 63.2 69.90 32.68 56.80 10.16 

Gorakhpur 922 924 48.03 18.76 43.30 24.49 37.25 0 0.00 0.68 26.41 8594 1015 5034 1144 142 320 27.1 1.7 71.3 84.35 72.20 47.83 10.90 

Region 4(2) Azamgarh 748 1007 50.17 7.16 39.22 22.67 37.68 26 0.01 0.57 17.45 11034 1571 3231 388 127 53 26.1 3.8 70.1 97.83 29.85 44.26 10.37 

Ballia 757 946 48.62 9.91 43.89 26.13 41.99 15 0.01 0.72 13.21 9167 1267 3411 553 177 57 26.7 1.5 71.8 103.59 35.62 55.75 13.46 

Faizabad 660 924 48.01 11.66 39.90 22.97 36.84 23 0.00 0.60 15.89 11205 1635 3166 664 143 119 29.8 1.9 68.3 103.80 44.06 51.51 13.42 

Ghazipur 716 957 48.91 7.38 43.27 24.38 41.46 21 0.02 0.80 14.21 10130 1489 3449 501 148 103 27.0 2.2 70.8 107.62 27.12 53.98 13.22 

Jaunpur 994 49.85 6.89 42.22 22.39 40.79 22 0.00 0.48 17.79 10629 1314 3193 645 204 114 25.5 2.5 72.1 121.58 

Varanasi 955 47.25 27.20 47.70 28.87 41.95 18 0.00 0.52 49.60 10305 923 5729 1697 124 749 102.87 77.19 37.96 9.42 

Vindhyan Mirzapur 335 46.91 13.80 39.68 22.32 36.54 26 0.00 1.05 8.55 10785 1698 2850 1257 261 442 83.87 34.89 62.43 11.29 

Central plains Allahabad 678 875 46.66 20.77 42.60 23.45 34.96 24 0.04 0.75 43.01 9867 1168 0.63 4958 1058 156 281 31.5 2.2 66.2 101.24 77.12 40.05 10.28 

Barabanki 551 858 46.17 9.28 30.42 15.41 28.53 27 0.01 0.72 7.67 9835 1779 1888 622 161 198 33.9 1.6 64.5 96.69 23.24 65.83 12.88 

Fatehpur 457 882 46.85 9.90 44.69 27.25 42.87 25 0.02 0.88 5.72 8892 1695 1807 457 197 79 32.2 4.8 63.0 96.13 28.12 71.04 14.24 

Hardoi 459 818 45.00 11.74 36.30 19.75 33.82 32 0.00 0.92 7.65 8972 1801 1671 740 234 318 31.0 1.0 67.9 85.06 20.36 63.16 14.50 

Lucknow 1093 866 46.40 62.66 57.49 46.88 35.15 22 0.04 0.79 10.86 6689 442 19797 4303 193 1367 28.7 0.9 70.4 124.00 165.21 37.88 6.95 

Pilibhit 367 853 46.04 18.46 32.10 17.22 27.90 16 0.10 1.18 4.90 15225 3256 2198 1080 548 295 28.9 1.3 69.8 118.79 36.24 60.02 12.00 

Rae Bareli 504 931 48.20 9.04 37.78 21.01 35.40 30 0.06 0.68 9.03 7685 1258 2298 590 166 226 31.5 3.8 64.7 114.24 

Sitapur 497 833 45.44 12.03 31.41 16.90 27.98 32 0.01 0.81 9.23 10273 1934 1921 498 226 94 31.4 0.8 67.8 80.47 40.35 58.92 14.03 

Sultanpur 577 934 48.28 4.46 38.69 20.84 37.32 22 0.01 0.57 11.18 7511 1181 2547 634 202 151 29.4 2.3 68.3 98.37 41.28 57.69 11.71 

Unnao 483 873 46.61 13.60 38.70 23.62 35.64 31 0.11 0.77 9.42 6867 1224 2572 459 172 65 30.8 2.7 66.5 95.77 26.55 72.46 16.88 

Kheri 315 842 45.71 10.66 29.71 16.35 26.48 27 1.19 1.10 8.37 12037 3030 2035 1094 304 260 31.1 0.8 68.1 88.72 24.93 71.10 12.72 

Pratapgarh 595 987 49.67 5.52 40.40 20.48 38.97 21 0.00 0.50 10.18 8079 1137 2729 416 122 52 29.1 2.8 68.1 102.27 39.26 76.48 13.72 

North western plains Bareilly 688 839 45.63 32.79 32.78 19.85 24.67 13 0.02 0.89 19.40 10484 1715 4005 1375 324 490 28.7 0.4 70.8 108.36 64.50 53.18 12.42 

Infrastructure 

Bijnor 521 871 46.56 25.07 40.53 26.47 38.56 21 0.08 1.34 13.10 20568 3469 3082 1363 414 649 27.6 0.8 71.6 104.84 25.53 75.38 12.83 

Bulandshahar 655 856 46.12 20.80 44.71 24.30 42.56 21 0.00 1.24 15.28 10247 1966 3217 1067 369 375 26.6 2.4 71.0 120.07 28.20 54.22 8.80 

Ghaziabad 1042 832 45.41 46.16 55.22 38.81 48.15 18 0.01 1.03 63.44 15579 1475 12056 6028 249 4170 27.2 3.0 69.8 117.88 33.00 31.15 8.14 

Meerut 882 852 46.00 37.02 51.30 35.62 46.44 17 0.00 1.21 34.91 18698 2509 5929 2102 261 998 28.4 2.1 69.5 122.05 60.03 45.60 9.94 

Moradabad 691 852 46.01 27.65 31.03 18.34 24.39 16 0.01 1.07 26.12 12603 2143 3569 1660 326 768 28.1 1.1 70.8 109.50 31.51 45.95 8.32 

Muzaffarnagar 702 860 46.22 24.60 44.00 29.12 40.62 14 0.00 1.19 18.78 21287 3461 3816 1840 335 1134 30.0 3.4 66.6 118.79 26.88 45.83 9.73 

Rampur 635 858 46.18 26.14 25.37 15.37 19.17 13 0.00 1.08 5.07 13555 2729 1942 1277 642 280 29.3 1.7 69.0 111.14 34.68 53.18 7.71 

Saharanpur 598 851 45.98 25.54 42.11 28.10 35.96 23 0.01 1.32 15.44 16264 2864 3861 1398 363 572 28.9 0.7 70.4 111.36 49.08 55.86 9.62 

Shahjahanpur 434 816 44.93 20.73 32.07 18.59 27.15 18 0.02 0.99 8.26 11674 3118 2496 1080 472 323 30.9 0.3 68.8 101.21 31.51 69.18 12.87

Social Parameters Economic Parameters 

Avergae 

Value of Value of 

State/region District 

Population 

Gender Ratio Female 

Urbanisation Literacy 

Female 

Rural % SC % ST Land Bank Deposits 

Value of 

Agicultural Mineral Bank Deposits Credit (Rs 

Density 

(Females/1000 Population 

(%) 

(%) 

Literacy( 

Literacy (%) Population Population Holding (% share) 

production 

production production (Rs PC) 

PC) 

males) 

(%) 

%) 

Size (ha) 

(Rs/ha) 

(Rs PC) (Rs PC) 

Credit to 

Agriculture (Rs 

PC) 

Credit to 

Industry 

(Rs PC) 

Main Workers 

(%) 

Marginal 

Workers (%) 

Non Workers (%) IDI 

Infrastructure 

Primary 

Hospital & Primary Middle/High 

Health 

Dispenary Schools er Schools 

Centes 

(/lakh pop) (/lakh pop) (/lakh pop) 

(/lakh pop) 

South western plains Agra 683 832 45.40 40.39 48.58 30.83 40.71 23 0.01 1.32 35.29 10842 1368 7623 2171 375 736 27.4 0.7 71.9 107.70 93.60 48.58 12.05 

Aligarh 657 842 45.73 25.14 45.21 27.17 41.22 23 0.00 1.08 23.99 8821 1544 4172 1234 496 318 27.4 2.6 70.1 116.20 61.68 127.86 11.88 

Etah 505 824 45.19 16.72 40.15 22.91 37.08 17 0.00 0.94 7.71 8549 1800 2062 725 391 79 28.5 2.3 69.2 102.22 29.78 55.24 16.31 

Etawah 491 831 45.39 15.71 53.69 38.34 51.28 25 0.00 0.96 8.62 9613 1878 2417 2520 225 81 27.3 0.1 72.6 98.61 41.09 62.93 17.72 

Farrukhabad 571 835 45.52 18.63 47.13 31.97 44.79 18 0.03 0.73 10.28 12212 2065 2457 800 331 155 29.1 0.6 70.3 103.16 35.96 54.40 18.84 

Kanpur Dehat 416 843 45.74 5.71 50.71 35.92 50.09 25 0.03 0.96 6.35 10266 2218 1771 1000 314 486 29.1 0.2 70.7 108.30 14.78 63.74 17.83 

Kanpur Nagar 2325 824 45.18 84.24 68.75 58.82 49.56 14 0.04 0.85 67.02 9283 302 16527 5787 80 3110 26.5 0.0 73.5 124.21 181.41 46.07 12.93 

Mainpuri 477 833 45.46 13.21 50.21 33.05 47.87 19 0.00 0.76 4.95 10211 2088 2235 826 359 185 27.3 0.4 72.3 112.62 28.73 75.71 25.64 

Mathura 507 816 44.93 23.57 45.03 23.04 40.82 20 0.01 1.63 14.55 10825 2263 4434 1674 496 610 27.8 1.3 70.8 117.58 83.07 62.38 11.39 

Bundelkhand Banda 244 841 45.70 12.86 35.70 16.44 32.01 23 0.00 1.49 5.02 5565 1648 0.19 1611 521 222 72 36.0 7.2 56.8 77.09 36.28 73.81 17.02 

Not Classified 

Hamirpur 205 841 45.69 17.36 39.64 20.88 35.83 25 0.00 1.95 4.53 4120 1439 1831 596 354 62 33.3 6.8 60.0 72.53 21.36 113.75 21.16 

Jalaun 267 829 45.31 22.08 50.72 31.60 46.91 27 0.00 1.67 4.78 4266 1212 2307 669 275 92 29.6 4.0 66.4 87.53 43.32 80.73 22.67 

Jhansi 285 863 46.32 39.61 51.60 33.76 41.09 29 0.01 1.62 12.21 4396 1013 4966 1293 240 364 30.1 4.8 65.1 87.62 118.64 63.40 16.58 

Lalitpur 149 863 46.32 14.03 32.12 16.62 26.41 25 0.05 1.96 2.82 5747 1932 2120 657 354 73 32.7 9.1 58.2 82.68 47.74 74.57 15.66 

Ambedkar Nagar NA 

Auraiya NA 

Baghpat NA 

Balrampur NA 

Budaun 474 810 44.75 17.62 24.64 12.82 20.75 17 0.00 0.92 6.14 8210.00 1951.00 1472.00 639.00 358.00 30.6 1.0 68.4 92.76 32.33 56.82 10.96 

Chandauli NA 

Chitrakoot NA 

Firozabad 649 832 45.41 26.58 46.30 29.85 42.13 0 0.00 1.43 8.39 9793.00 1538.00 3251.00 991.00 374.00 274.00 27.1 0.2 72.6 118.39 25.88 50.35 13.06 

Gautam Buddha Nagar NA 

Hathras NA 

Jyotiba Phule Nagar NA 

Kannauj NA 

Kaushambi NA 

Kushinagar NA 

Maharajganj 569 909 47.62 4.95 28.90 10.28 27.35 19 0.16 0.67 4.95 11936.00 2303.00 1726.00 402.00 187.00 40.00 34.1 4.2 61.7 97.85 9.99 47.55 8.14 

Mahoba NA 

Mau 837 974 49.78 16.88 43.80 27.86 40.26 22 0.00 0.67 8.27 9357.00 1224.00 3342.00 408.00 108.00 70.00 27.8 5.4 66.8 112.32 36.37 46.71 12.83 

Sant Kabir Nagar NA 

Sant Ravidas Nagar NA 

Shravasti NA 

Siddharthnagar 580 913 47.71 3.48 27.09 11.84 26.13 17 0.00 0.74 4.79 8264.00 1656.00 1644.00 358.00 175.00 60.00 32.6 4.1 63.3 87.02 20.51 51.81 9.51 

Sonbhadra 169 46.29 13.40 34.40 18.65 27.92 42 0.01 1.30 7.42 4971.00 1017.00 3816.00 1493.00 246.00 950.00 79.23 35.58 71.80 8.66 

Jharkhand 497 911 47.67 13.14 38.48 13.62 38.48 14.55 7.66 0.93 4.43 7864 808 371.38 3027 830 145 304 29.7 2.5 67.8 91.31 2.35 55.88 13.37 

Chhota Nagpur hills Deoghar 376 911 47.68 13.41 37.92 19.74 32.11 12.4 13.07 2.16 4.79 2096 29.5 5.4 65.1 66.99 

Dhanbad 893 826 45.22 51.26 55.47 37.88 41.32 15.5 27.27 1.10 22.10 2936 86 4780 1236 28 558 26.2 1.5 72.4 65.27 

Giridih 323 939 48.43 15.45 35.96 17.65 30.30 13.3 28.96 1.13 25.59 5160 167 3675 605 121 156 28.0 5.8 66.2 62.63 

Godda 408 922 47.97 2.74 34.02 18.00 32.92 8.5 23.43 1.92 2.37 2439 32.6 7.0 60.4 66.31 

Hazaribagh 255 932 48.23 18.06 38.00 21.24 31.33 18.9 26.89 1.18 17.63 4448 243 3523 558 129 91 28.6 4.7 66.7 67.54 

Sahibganj 382 937 48.37 7.30 27.03 16.32 23.68 5.4 54.14 1.44 3.87 6968 34.1 6.2 59.7 62.01 

Chhota Nagpur plateau Gumla 127 987 49.68 4.53 39.67 27.48 37.87 5.3 82.77 2.64 3.63 3496 818 1909 371 140 26 36.9 9.8 53.3 61.08 

Not Classified 

Lohardaga 194 971 49.27 10.99 40.79 26.11 35.96 3.8 16.78 1.72 1.19 5209 861 2505 632 272 85 35.0 6.0 59.0 75.72 

Palamu 192 930 48.20 5.35 31.10 16.15 29.03 25.1 47.66 1.54 8.56 4051 355 75.67 2004 480 143 63 30.8 4.5 64.7 69.13 28.14 

Ranchi 288 921 47.94 33.00 51.52 36.57 37.28 5.6 10.47 1.92 27.61 3433 575 7572 3132 181 1802 33.0 6.3 60.7 73.04 140.31 

Pashchimi Singhbhum 180 906 49.12 15.80 38.92 22.44 32.46 5.0 10.79 NA 9.93 6943 36.0 8.3 55.7 68.33 

Purb Singhbhum 457 965 47.53 52.69 59.05 45.50 38.20 4.8 48.35 NA 31.68 13901 30.7 3.6 65.7 75.70 

Bokaro NA 

Garwha NA 

Pakaur NA 

Dumka 241 955 48.85 6.08 34.02 17.91 31.49 7.0 65.08 1.86 4.77 36.0 9.2 54.8 60.62 

Kodarma NA 

Chatra NA 

Himachal pradesh 93 976 49.38 8.69 63.86 75.36 49.85 25.34 4.22 1.2 0.75 6801 1187 43.03 2279 243 822 34.4 8.4 57.2 113.88 5.00 165.69 136.5 18.25 

Region (1) Bilaspur 253 102 50.05 5.67 67.17 56.55 66.08 25.82 2.70 1.18 3.02 6001 1155 528.46 1193 204 140 31.0 13.6 55.4 116.36 19.17 

Chamba 60 949 48.70 7.60 44.70 28.57 41.39 19.75 28.35 0.91 3.20 7531 1052 1015 80 196 32.6 16.0 51.4 98.59 19.88 

Hamirpur 330 1105 52.50 6.15 74.88 65.90 74.09 23.68 0.06 1.17 6.44 6801 1263 1381 212 168 29.9 12.0 58.1 115.11 13.12 

Kangra 205 1024 50.60 5.05 70.57 61.39 70.04 21.17 0.14 1.01 18.77 5237 903 9743 1469 187 341 27.5 6.8 65.6 119.54 14.46 

Kullu 55 920 47.91 6.95 54.82 38.53 52.37 28.93 3.61 0.80 3.59 4958 915 6856 2185 336 286 42.4 5.5 52.1 96.32 14.35 

Mandi 197 1013 50.31 7.18 62.74 49.12 60.80 29.98 1.21 0.90 7.06 7964 1566 2.79 5475 1317 200 125 37.5 8.3 54.3 111.14 15.56 

Shimla 120 894 47.21 20.43 64.61 51.75 58.61 27.13 0.71 1.40 16.91 3451 538 16434 4519 389 1635 43.1 5.5 51.4 115.1 25.74 

Sirmur 134 897 47.28 10.03 51.62 38.45 48.27 3.18 1.61 2.33 2.68 6212 1176 159.36 4159 1950 209 902 40.1 6.5 53.4 118.63 21.79 

Solan 197 909 47.62 12.37 63.30 50.69 60.18 31.27 0.64 2.03 6.36 5757 926 9.90 9651 6787 429 4571 35.0 10.1 54.9 131.94 20.26 

Una 246 117 50.41 8.53 70.91 61.01 70.26 22.46 0.01 1.48 6.12 6563 1157 9815 1781 231 676 27.5 6.0 66.5 116.05 14.99 

Region (2) Kinnaur 11 856 46.13 58.36 42.04 58.36 26.87 55.58 1.37 0.72 1874 226 6098 2196 346 931 47.3 5.1 47.6 140.26 37.79 

Lahul & Spiti 2 817 44.96 56.82 38.05 56.82 7.11 76.98 1.58 0.53 2088 223 12031 1410 395 127 54.2 10.8 35.1 167.96 74.63

Draft Assessment of Current Conditions - pmgsy

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