Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Water Use
Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Water Use Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Water Use
Section 2 Implementation Considerations Table 2.3. Number of States with Reuse Regulations or Guidelines for Different Types of Use Type of Use Unrestricted urban water reuse Irrigation Toilet flushing Fire protection Construction Landscape impoundment Street cleaning Restricted urban water reuse Number of States with Regulations or Guidelines 28 28 10 9 9 11 6 Agricultural irrigation of food crops 21 Agricultural irrigation of nonfood crops Unrestricted recreational water reuse 7 Restricted recreational water reuse 9 Environmental water reuse 3 Industrial water reuse Groundwater Recharge Indirect Potable Reuse Adapted from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [2004]. 34 40 9 5 5 Description Irrigation of areas in which public access is not restricted, such as parks, playgrounds, school yards, and residences. Toilet flushing, air conditioning, fire protection, construction, cleansing, ornamental fountains, and aesthetic impoundments. Irrigation of areas in which public access can be controlled, such as golf courses, cemeteries, and highway medians. Irrigation of food crops which are intended for human consumption. Food crop is to be processed. Food crop is consumed uncooked. Irrigation of fodder, fiber, and seed crops, pasture land, commercial nurseries, and sod farms. An impoundment of water in which no limitations are imposed on body-contact water recreation activities. An impoundment of reclaimed water in which recreation is limited to fishing, boating, and other non-contact recreational activities. Reclaimed water used to create manmade wetlands, enhance natural wetlands, and to sustain stream flows. Reclaimed water used in industrial facilities primarily for cooling system makeup water, boilerfeed water, process water, and general washdown and cleansing. Used via infiltration basins, percolation ponds or injection wells, reclaimed water is used to recharge groundwater aquifers. The intentional discharge of highly treated reclaimed water into surface waters or groundwater that will be used as a source of potable water supply. 2-6 Craddock Consulting Engineers In Association with CDM & James Crook TM1-Sec2_0707.doc
Section 2 Implementation Considerations Craddock Consulting Engineers 2-7 In Association with CDM & James Crook TM1-Sec2_0707.doc Regulatory Requirements for Nonpotable Uses of Reclaimed Water In the past, most state water reuse regulations were developed in response to a need to regulate a growing number of water reuse projects in the particular state. Recently, some states that currently have few reuse projects have taken a proactive approach and have adopted criteria, which tend to encourage implementation of projects. Arizona, California, Florida, and Texas, which have had comprehensive criteria for a number of years, have revised their water reuse regulations within the last ten years to reflect additional reclaimed water uses, advances in wastewater treatment technology, and increased knowledge in the areas of microbiology and public health protection. State water reuse regulations typically include one or more of the following elements: Treatment Process Requirements Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)/Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Turbidity Requirements Coliform Bacteria Limits Limits and Monitoring for Pathogenic Organisms Disinfection Requirements Treatment Reliability Storage Requirements Cross Connection Control Irrigation-Specific Requirements Appendix B defines these regulatory requirements and provides state-specific examples. State regulations for indirect potable reuse are also summarized in Appendix B. The variations and inconsistencies among state regulations are illustrated in Table 2.4, which includes examples of several states’ reclaimed water standards for uses ranging from fodder crop irrigation to toilet and urinal flushing in buildings.
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Section 2<br />
Implementation Considerations<br />
Table 2.3. Number of States with Reuse Regulations or Guidelines <strong>for</strong><br />
Different Types of <strong>Use</strong><br />
Type of <strong>Use</strong><br />
Unrestricted urban water reuse<br />
Irrigation<br />
Toilet flushing<br />
Fire protection<br />
Construction<br />
Landscape impoundment<br />
Street cleaning<br />
Restricted urban water reuse<br />
Number of<br />
States with<br />
Regulations or<br />
Guidelines<br />
28<br />
28<br />
10<br />
9<br />
9<br />
11<br />
6<br />
Agricultural irrigation of food crops 21<br />
Agricultural irrigation of nonfood<br />
crops<br />
Unrestricted recreational water reuse 7<br />
Restricted recreational water reuse 9<br />
Environmental water reuse 3<br />
<strong>Industrial</strong> water reuse<br />
Groundwater Recharge<br />
Indirect Potable Reuse<br />
Adapted from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [2004].<br />
34<br />
40<br />
9<br />
5<br />
5<br />
Description<br />
Irrigation of areas in which public access is not<br />
restricted, such as parks, playgrounds, school yards,<br />
and residences.<br />
Toilet flushing, air conditioning, fire protection,<br />
construction, cleansing, ornamental fountains, and<br />
aesthetic impoundments.<br />
Irrigation of areas in which public access can be<br />
controlled, such as golf courses, cemeteries, and<br />
highway medians.<br />
Irrigation of food crops which are intended <strong>for</strong><br />
human consumption.<br />
Food crop is to be processed.<br />
Food crop is consumed uncooked.<br />
Irrigation of fodder, fiber, and seed crops, pasture<br />
land, commercial nurseries, and sod farms.<br />
An impoundment of water in which no limitations<br />
are imposed on body-contact water recreation<br />
activities.<br />
An impoundment of reclaimed water in which<br />
recreation is limited to fishing, boating, and other<br />
non-contact recreational activities.<br />
Reclaimed water used to create manmade wetlands,<br />
enhance natural wetlands, and to sustain stream<br />
flows.<br />
Reclaimed water used in industrial facilities<br />
primarily <strong>for</strong> cooling system makeup water, boilerfeed<br />
water, process water, and general washdown<br />
and cleansing.<br />
<strong>Use</strong>d via infiltration basins, percolation ponds or<br />
injection wells, reclaimed water is used to recharge<br />
groundwater aquifers.<br />
The intentional discharge of highly treated reclaimed<br />
water into surface waters or groundwater that will be<br />
used as a source of potable water supply.<br />
2-6 Craddock Consulting Engineers<br />
In Association with CDM & James Crook<br />
TM1-Sec2_0707.doc
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