Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Water Use
Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Water Use Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Water Use
Section 3: Recycled Wastewater System Components and Costs Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Water Use The tertiary supplies are required for water uses where human contact is likely. Tertiary 1 treatment processes would be applicable to WWTPs that need to remove phosphorus or hardness and do not need to remove a significant amount of dissolved salts. The process train consists of conventional chemical addition, coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes, followed by filtration. The Tertiary 2 supply is based on the use of membrane microfiltration. This technology meets the regulatory filtration requirements and provides higher pathogen removals than the Base or Tertiary 1 supplies. However, it does not remove hardness as Tertiary 1 treatment does. Similar to Tertiary 1 treatment, Tertiary 2 treatment does not remove dissolved salts. Membrane softening, the key Tertiary 3 treatment process, is required to reduce the dissolved solids, which includes chlorides. For this study, reverse osmosis was selected as the membrane softening process for the cost analysis. In addition to removing hardness, reverse osmosis also removes nearly all pathogens, organic and inorganic compounds. Nanofiltration and electrodialysis are two other potential technologies that could be used to meet hardness goals, but provide for lower removals and, in the case of electrodialysis, no additional pathogen removal. For waters that require very low levels of constituents, advanced processes such as granular activated carbon, ion exchange, ultraviolet radiation (UV), and UV in combination with oxidants can be used. These are processes that could be used to treat emerging contaminants of concern that are present at very low levels. The Tertiary 4 treatment processes are ones that would likely be used by an onsite industry with its existing water supply. For example, a Tertiary 4 treatment process with ion exchange is a typical technology used to treat boiler feed water. In this case, the level of treatment provided by a Tertiary 4 process would exceed that provided by a traditional water supply. In some instances, there could be constituents needing removal that are related to discharges into the sewer system, such as heavy metals from industry or pharmaceutical-compounds. Tertiary 4 treatment processes could be located at either the WWTP or industry site depending on the specific attributes of the recycled wastewater application. An industry sector assessment of treatment needs, presented in Table 3.6, shows the range of options that an industry would need to evaluate. The variability in WWTP effluent quality and industry water quality requirements dictates a site-specific evaluation to determine the treatment alternatives. Table 3.6 also lists the dominant water uses within an industry category and Table 3.7 provides the subcategories for major industry categories that have a wide range of industry types. Metropolitan Council Environmental Services 47
Section 3: Recycled Wastewater System Components and Costs Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Water Use Table 3.6. Water Quality and Treatment Requirements by Industry Category Industry Category Type of Water Use Recycled Wastewater Quality Classification Required Base Tertiary 1 Tertiary 2 Tertiary 3 Tertiary 4 Advanced Secondary Conventional Membrane Filtration Membrane Softening Advanced Processes Agricultural Cooling, Boiler Feed x x x Pulp & Paper Mining Cooling, Process, Boiler Feed Process, Boiler Feed Sand & Gravel Washing Process x Industrial Cooling-Once- Through Petroleum, Chemical & Ethanol Metals Non-Metals x x x x x x x x Cooling x x x Cooling, Process, Boiler Feed Process, Cooling, Boiler Feed Process, Cooling, Boiler Feed x x x x x x x x x x x Other Process x x x x x Power Cooling-Once Through/Other Power Cooling- Recirculating Table 3.7. Select Industry Subcategories Cooling, Boiler Feed x x x x Cooling, Boiler Feed x x x x Agricultural Pulp and Paper Food Production Mills Beverage Production Paper and Packaging Non-Metals Printed Products Other Building Materials Metals Glass Products Foundries Leather Products Metal Product Fabrication Plastics Machine and Tool Shops Rubber Products Electronic and Computer Products Miscellaneous Non-Metal Products Electroplating Other Industries (not defined above) 48 Metropolitan Council Environmental Services
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- Page 8 and 9: Executive Summary Vision Executive
- Page 10 and 11: Section 1: Introduction 1.1 Project
- Page 12 and 13: Table 1.2. Water Use in Minnesota,
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Section 3: Recycled <strong>Wastewater</strong> System Components and Costs<br />
<strong>Recycling</strong> <strong>Treated</strong> <strong>Municipal</strong> <strong>Wastewater</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Industrial</strong> <strong>Water</strong> <strong>Use</strong><br />
Table 3.6. <strong>Water</strong> Quality and Treatment Requirements by Industry Category<br />
Industry Category Type of <strong>Water</strong> <strong>Use</strong><br />
Recycled <strong>Wastewater</strong> Quality Classification Required<br />
Base Tertiary 1 Tertiary 2 Tertiary 3 Tertiary 4<br />
Advanced<br />
Secondary<br />
Conventional<br />
Membrane<br />
Filtration<br />
Membrane<br />
Softening<br />
Advanced<br />
Processes<br />
Agricultural Cooling, Boiler Feed x x x<br />
Pulp & Paper<br />
Mining<br />
Cooling, Process,<br />
Boiler Feed<br />
Process, Boiler<br />
Feed<br />
Sand & Gravel Washing Process x<br />
<strong>Industrial</strong> Cooling-Once-<br />
Through<br />
Petroleum, Chemical &<br />
Ethanol<br />
Metals<br />
Non-Metals<br />
x x x x<br />
x x x x<br />
Cooling x x x<br />
Cooling, Process,<br />
Boiler Feed<br />
Process, Cooling,<br />
Boiler Feed<br />
Process, Cooling,<br />
Boiler Feed<br />
x x x<br />
x x x<br />
x x x x x<br />
Other Process x x x x x<br />
Power Cooling-Once<br />
Through/Other<br />
Power Cooling-<br />
Recirculating<br />
Table 3.7. Select Industry Subcategories<br />
Cooling, Boiler Feed x x x x<br />
Cooling, Boiler Feed x x x x<br />
Agricultural Pulp and Paper<br />
Food Production Mills<br />
Beverage Production Paper and Packaging<br />
Non-Metals Printed Products<br />
Other<br />
Building Materials Metals<br />
Glass Products Foundries<br />
Leather Products Metal Product Fabrication<br />
Plastics Machine and Tool Shops<br />
Rubber Products Electronic and Computer Products<br />
Miscellaneous Non-Metal Products Electroplating<br />
Other Industries (not defined above)<br />
48 Metropolitan Council Environmental Services
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