Biomechanical and histological comparison of self-drilling and self ...

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American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Volume 133, Number 1 surface of microimplants that is directly in contact with bone matrix and is calculated with software and expressed as a percentage of the total microimplant surface. In this study, the mean BIC values in the SDI group were 39.28% in the maxilla and 47.44% in the mandible. In the STI group, the mean BIC values were 27.96% and 26.35% in the maxilla and the mandible, respectively. Because the BIC values were higher in the SDI group than in the STI group, this showed that the drilling method had an effect on bone-to-microimplant contact; this was further confirmed by PRT values and histologic findings of more original and new bone in the SDI group. BIC values of 93.8% in the SDS group and 81% in the STS group were found after 6 months of observation in pigs. 19 Heidemann et al 19 demonstrated that the BIC values in the SDS group were superior to those in the STS group because of the greater amount of original bone in the threads of the drill-free screws. Similarly, in 21 the study of Kim and Chang, the mean BIC value (43.68%) in the drill-free group was higher than in the drill group (23.41%) in dogs. Obviously, compared with previous studies, our results indicate that using SDIs without chemical and biologic modification caused less damage to bone, and the time of bone modeling and remodeling was reduced because the bone debris was transported and deposited on the bone surface around the implant tip because of the conical shaft. 19 Compared with the results of Heidemann et al, the BIC values in our study were lower. This difference could be an internal response of bone to the implant 31 time and the healing condition. Melsen and Costa observed BIC values of 10% to 58% after 6 months of forcing without a healing period for miniscrews. They found that the BIC ratio increased with implantation time but was independent of the type of bone and the magnitude of force. Our results have elucidated the mechanism behind the behavior of cells on implant surfaces, and we report an increase in BIC contact by using different drilling methods. Because the numbers of dogs and microimplants were limited, this study might be regarded as a pilot. However, the results were unequivocal because the tested microimplants were placed symmetrically. Further studies with different force magnitudes after a short healing period are required for more discussion and definite results. CONCLUSIONS By comparing the biomechanical and histologic properties between SDIs and STIs, without a healing period, we found high success rates in both groups. Chen, Shin, and Kyung 49 PIT, PRT, and BIC values were higher in the SDI group than in the STI group. We recommend using SDIs in the maxilla and the thin cortical bone areas of the mandible because there is less damage and use of instruments. In areas of dense cortical bone, STIs and SDIs with larger diameters can be recommended. REFERENCES 1. Roberts WE, Smith R, Zilberman Y. Osseous adaptation to continuous loading of rigid endosseous implants. Am J Orthod 1984;68:95-111. 2. Smalley WM, Shapiro PA, Hohi TH, Kokich VG, Bränemark PI. Osseointergrated titanium implants for maxillofacial protraction in monkeys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1988;94:285-95. 3. Foley W, Frost D, Tucker M. The effect of repetitive screw hole use on the retentive strength of pretapped and self-tapped screws. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;48:264-7. 4. Bahr W. Pretapped and self-tapping screw in the human midface. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;19:51-3. 5. Park HS, Kwon OW, Sung JH. Micro-implant anchorage for forced eruption of impacted canines. J Clin Orthod 2004;38:297- 302. 6. Park HS, Kwon TG, Sung JH. Nonextraction treatment with microscrew implants. Angle Orthod 2004;74:539-49. 7. Park HS, Kwon TG. Sliding mechanics with microscrew implant anchorage. Angle Orthod 2004;74:703-10. 8. Paik CH, Woo YJ, Kim JS, Park JU. Use of miniscrew for intermaxillary fixation of lingual-orthodontic surgery patients. J Clin Orthod 2002;36:132-6. 9. Paik CH, Woo YJ, Boyd RL. Treatment of an adult patient with vertical maxillary excess using miniscrew fixation. J Clin Orthod 2003;37:423-8. 10. Linder-Aronson S, Nordenram A, Anneroth G. Titanium implant anchorage in orthodontic treatment: an experimental investigation in monkeys. Eur J Orthod 1990;12:414-9. 11. Roberts WE, Marshall KJ, Mozsary PG. Rigid endosseous implant utilized as anchorage to protract molars and close an atrophic extraction site. Angle Orthod 1990;60:135-52. 12. Majzoub Z, Finotti M, Miotti F, Giardino R, Aldini NN, Cordioli G. Bone response to orthodontic loading of endosseous implants in the rabbit calvaria: early continuous distalizing forces. Eur J Orthod 1999;21:223-30. 13. Odman J, Lekholm U, Jemt T, Bränemark PL, Thilander B. Osseointergrated implants—a new approach in orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod 1988;10:98-105. 14. Odman J, Lekholm U, Jemt T, Thilander B. Osseointergrated implants as orthodontic anchorage in the treatment of partially edentulous adult patients. Eur J Orthod 1994;16:187-201. 15. Roberts WE, Helm FR, Marshall KJ, Gongloff RK. Rigid endosseous implants for orthodontic and orthopedic anchorage. Angle Orthod 1989;59:247-56. 16. Wehrbein H, Feife H. Palatal implant anchorage reinforcement of posterior teeth: a prospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;116:676-86. 17. Heidemann W, Gerlach KL, Grobel KH, Kollner HG. Drill free screws: a new form of osteosynthesis screw. 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50 Chen, Shin, and Kyung 19. Heidemann W, Terheyden H, Gerlach KL. Analysis of the osseous/metal interface of drill free screws and self-tapping screws. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2001;29:69-74. 20. Kyung HM, Park HS, Bae SM. Development of orthodontic micro-implants for intraoral anchorage. J Clin Orthod 2003;37: 321-8. 21. Kim JW, Chang YL. Effects of drilling process in stability of micro-implants used for the orthodontic anchorage. Korea J Orthod 2002;32:107-15. 22. Sharawy M, Misch CE, Weller N, Tehemar S. Heat generation during implant drilling: the significance of motor speed. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002;60:1160-9. 23. Schon R, Gellrich NC, Gutwald R, Schramm A, Schmelzeisen R. Indication of self-drilling screws in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Int poster J Dent Oral Med 2000;2:poster 43. 24. Ellis JA Jr, Laskin DM. Analysis of seating and fracturing torque of bicortical screws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;52:483-6. 25. You ZH, Bell W, Schneiderman E. Biomechanical properties of small bone screw. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;52:1293-302. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics January 2008 26. Johansson CB, Han CH, Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T. A quantitative comparison of machined commercially pure titanium and titanium-aluminum-vanadium implants in rabbit bone. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998;13:315-21. 27. Klokkevold PR, Johnson P, Dadgostari S, Caputo A, Davies JE, Nishimura RD. Early endosseous integration enhanced by dual acid etching of titanium: a torque removal study in the rabbit. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001;12:350-7. 28. Han CH, Johansson CB, Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T. Quantitative and qualitative investigations of surface enlarged titanium and titanium alloy implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1998;9:1-10. 29. Carssion L, Rostlund T, Albrektsson B. Removal torques for polished and rough titanium implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1988;3:21-4. 30. Tjellstrom A, Jacobsson M, Albrektsson T. Removal torque of osseointegrated craniofacial implants: a clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1988;3:287-9. 31. Melsen B, Costa A. Immediate loading of implants used for orthodontic anchorage. Clin Orthod Res 2000;3:23-8.
Page 1 and 2: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Biomechanical and
Page 3 and 4: 46 Chen, Shin, and Kyung microimpla
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