the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for Sustainable Wildlife Resource Utilisation and Management in Botswana: A Case Study of East Ngamiland District. Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre/University of Botswana: Maun. Mbaiwa, J. E. 2001. The Benefits and Problems of Tourism in the Okavango Delta. University of Botswana: Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre/University of Botswana: Maun. Mbaiwa, J. E. 2002. The Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Tourism in the Okavango Delta. Botswana: A Baseline Study. Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre/University of Botswana: Maun. Mpotokwane, M. 1990. Tourism and Environmental Issues in Botswana. In Pfotenhauer, L. (Ed) 1990. Tourism in Botswana: Proceedings of a Symposium, 15 19 October. 1990. Botswana Society: Gaborone. Mwenya, A. N., Lewis, D. M. and Kaweche, G. B. 1991. Policy. Background and Future: National Parks and Wildlife Services, New Administrative Management Design for Game Management Areas. USAID: Lusaka. Ndubano, E. 2000. The Economic Impact of Tourism on the Local People: the case of Maun in the Ngamiland sub-district. Botswana. University of Botswana: Gaborone. Noronha, R. 1977. Social and Cultural Dimensions of Tourism: A Review of the Literature in English. Draft Report to the World Bank. Odell, M. J. 1976. University of Botswana Student Surveys of Okavango Villages. Ministry of Agriculture: Gaborone. O'Donnell, M. 1991. Rural tourism: the evolving Irish model. Paper given at seminar on new forms of tourist demand and new products. Nicosia, Cyprus; May. Panos, 1995. Ecotourism: Paradise Gained or Lost? Panos media briefing number 14: January 1995. 428
Patin, D. A. 1998. Tourism in St. Lucia. Sustainable Economic Development Unit for Small and Island Development States. University of the West Indies: St Augustine. Perez-Salom, J. 2001. Sustainable Tourism: Emerging Global and Regional Regulation. International Environmental Law Review: Georgetown. Perkins, J. S. and Ringrose, S. M. 1996. Development Cooperations Objectives and the Beef Protocol: The Case of Botswana. A Study of Livestock. Wildlife, Tourism Degradation Linkages. University of Botswana: Gaborone. Pfotenhauer, L. (Ed) 1990. Tourism in Botswana: Proceedings of a Symposium. 15 19 October, 1990. Botswana Society: Gaborone. Pimbert, M. and Pretty, J. 1995. Parks. people and professionals: putting participation into protected area management. UNRISD Discussion Paper No. 57. UNRISD: Geneva. Raborokgwe, M. V. 1997. Cordon Fences and Wildlife Issues. Proceedings of a National Conference on Conservation and Management of Wildlife in Botswana. Kalahari Conservation Society: Gaborone. Rihoy, E. 1995. From state control of wildlife to co-management of natural resources - the evolution of community management in southern Africa. In Steiner, A. and Rihoy, E. (Eds) 1995. The Commons Without Tragedy? Strategies for Community Based Natural Resources Management in Southern Africa. Proceedings of the Regional Natural Resources Management Programme Annual Conference. SADC Wildlife Technical Co-ordinating Unit: Kasane. Roodt, V. 1998. Ecological Impact of Tourism on the Xakanaxa Area of Moremi Game Reserve. Maun. Rothert, S. 1997. Which way the Okavango? In Conservation and Management of Wildlife in Botswana - Strategies for the 21 st Century. Proceedings of a Conference hosted by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and Kalahari Conservation Society: Gaborone. 429
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;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
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;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
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4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
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8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
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REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
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Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
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ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
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SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
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Empirical evidence, however, does n
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norms of its people. To date, the g
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numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
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4. Establish the extent of natural
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detailed in chapter five. The insti
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destinations, concentrating on its
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serious academic consideration. The
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Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
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management strategies are implement
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Tourism should thus be regarded as
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exchange, investment, income and em
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problem. He states that it is time
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The first assumption is largely bas
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However, as Western (1993) points o
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Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
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tourism, the type of skills that ar
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Despite the various economic benefi
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Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
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However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
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These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
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The leader in each San band or grou
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Descendants of San groups that live
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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payment of tribute as a way of ensu
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more rifles, European-made clothing
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wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
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However, Rey was anxious to establi
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Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
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other hand, veterinary officers wer
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• • • • As with other natur
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• Problems with solid waste dispo
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natural resources and to increase t
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ineffective in ensuring that all to
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development which emphasise the par
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The National Conservation Strategy
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The growth of tourism in the Okavan
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fifteen year period. The community-
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• The 5-year review policy left m
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government also provides 85 percent
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Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
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for several consecutive years, the
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and water, but fortunately the Bots
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It is in the context of the above t
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income, and presumably high spendin
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Although several researchers noted
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In order for local Botswana citizen
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Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
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Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
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earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
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eference to the Okavango Delta regi
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With regards to tourist/visitor num
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European and North American origin,
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most direct economic impacts of tou
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Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
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tend to vary in terms of standards
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Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
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validated by the Tawana Land Board
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companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
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Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
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Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
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indicates that Botswana has more ar
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6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
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weakest with agriculture, construct
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As noted earlier, the greater major
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Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
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evenue collection from the various
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Despite these conflicting employmen
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According to the study carried out
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management positions in the tourism
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Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
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Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
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CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
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natural resources of water and pris
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According to personal interviews co
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• • • • • • • • Dea
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Experience shows that some animals,
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inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
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control is vested with central gove
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conservation area. This led to conf
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Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
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Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
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Botswana because populations of bot
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Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
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different products, wood is perhaps
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Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
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populations in the rivers have drop
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The importance of people remaining
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CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
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no longer an important livelihood s
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• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
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Leases are given for 15 year period
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Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
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7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
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at the same time allowing them to d
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eports on financial management and
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Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
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their land, etc., such as cash, mea
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7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
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8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
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tourists in an area provide a sourc
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are left to perform all the traditi
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8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
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the country. As a result, it is ass
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most of these impacts remain unchec
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According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
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8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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permeability. Pollutants can theref
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iverine systems. According to Tache
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implement laws and regulations cont
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and resulted in the publication of
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lowest, and substantial proportions
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Angola considered the construction
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ministries most closely involved in
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most to lose if the Okavango in its
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• Development of monitoring syste
Page 402 and 403: Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
Page 404 and 405: CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
Page 406 and 407: circumstances, the impacts of touri
Page 408 and 409: For example, the government has gon
Page 410 and 411: As such, it is only recently that t
Page 412 and 413: According to Torres (1996), a wide
Page 414 and 415: of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
Page 416 and 417: Even though Botswana has developed
Page 418 and 419: iodiversity conservation and rural
Page 420 and 421: overriding challenge facing authori
Page 422 and 423: As such, this study has revealed th
Page 424 and 425: The development of tourism in the O
Page 426 and 427: 9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
Page 428 and 429: the Botswana government committed i
Page 430 and 431: Thirdly, almost the only interest e
Page 432 and 433: The following recommendations are p
Page 434 and 435: Activities common at this time incl
Page 436 and 437: knowledge to bring about sustainabl
Page 438 and 439: the entire Okavango River Basin, by
Page 440 and 441: 9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
Page 442 and 443: Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
Page 444 and 445: Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447: Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449: Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 450 and 451: Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 454 and 455: Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457: Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459: Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461: Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463: Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465: Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467: Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469: Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471: Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473: Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475: Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477: Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479: Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
Page 481 and 482: Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484: APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
Page 485 and 486: Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
Page 487 and 488: State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
Page 489 and 490: 10. Is the condition of the environ
Page 491 and 492: APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
Page 493 and 494: 10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
Page 495: 16. Do you think that the developme
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