the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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most to lose if the Okavango in its present state is lost (Mendelsohn and el Obeid, 2004). 8.6 Summary and Conclusion In Botswana there are generally 'screams of horror' whenever an irrigation scheme, pipeline or dam is planned. By contrast, viewpoints upstream are such that most people in Angola and Namibia may not care how much water reaches the downstream Delta. Both perspectives, at either end of the Basin need to change. Most thoughts on co-operation between Angola, Namibia and Botswana concentrate on how water can be shared, which is to be expected. However, it would also be useful to improve the debate on how benefits can be shared. Most importantly, there is a need for a shift away from the assumption that most benefits will come from agriculture and rural development (Mendelsohn and el Obeid, 2004). This chapter provided an appraisal of the socio-cultural and environmental impacts of the international tourism industry in the Okavango Delta. It also presented the current and future threats that face the Okavango Delta, and the Okavango River Basin as a whole. The next chapter presents a detailed analysis of the major issues dealt with in this dissertation, and provides recommendations and conclusions on the role of tourism in natural resource management in the Okavango Delta region. 8.7 Summary of Issues and Concerns Facing the Okavango Delta and its People Nils Odendaal, from the Namibia Nature Foundation, together with OKACOM, Sida, the Kalahari Conservation Society and the Rossing Foundation have developed the 'Every River Has its People Project' which focuses on the entire Okavango River Basin. The purpose of the project is to identify some of the major problems and threats facing the Okavango River Basin, and propose solutions to these issues. According to the project, the main issues currently facing the Okavango Delta include: 374
Problem: Declining River Health Causes • Silting, erosion and dirty water (turbidity) • Pollution - Urban, Local and Chemical • Decline in water volume • Channels becoming blocked and in some cases drying up Suggested Solutions • Protect riverbanks and riparian forests • Avoid cultivation too close to the riverbanks • Avoid cultivation on dunes facing the river • Protect flood plains and reed banks lining the river • Dredge the river and sell the sand to builders • Re-open channels blocked by vegetation by protecting hippopotamus populations (Odendaal, 2004). Problem: Declining Fish Stock and Size Causes • Too many people fishing • Too many people using inappropriate fishing methods, e.g. mosquito nets • No protected areas for fish breeding • No local control over outsiders (e.g., no licenses for fishing in the Okavango) • High-powered boats disturb breeding areas • Previous wetland areas are now dry Suggested Solutions • The encouragement of appropriate and traditional fishing methods 375
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;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
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;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
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4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
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8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
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REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
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Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
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ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
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SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
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Empirical evidence, however, does n
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norms of its people. To date, the g
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numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
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4. Establish the extent of natural
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detailed in chapter five. The insti
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destinations, concentrating on its
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serious academic consideration. The
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Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
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management strategies are implement
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Tourism should thus be regarded as
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exchange, investment, income and em
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problem. He states that it is time
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The first assumption is largely bas
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However, as Western (1993) points o
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Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
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tourism, the type of skills that ar
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Despite the various economic benefi
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Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
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However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
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These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
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The leader in each San band or grou
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Descendants of San groups that live
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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payment of tribute as a way of ensu
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more rifles, European-made clothing
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wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
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However, Rey was anxious to establi
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Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
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other hand, veterinary officers wer
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• • • • As with other natur
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• Problems with solid waste dispo
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natural resources and to increase t
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ineffective in ensuring that all to
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development which emphasise the par
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The National Conservation Strategy
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The growth of tourism in the Okavan
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fifteen year period. The community-
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• The 5-year review policy left m
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government also provides 85 percent
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Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
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for several consecutive years, the
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and water, but fortunately the Bots
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It is in the context of the above t
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income, and presumably high spendin
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Although several researchers noted
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In order for local Botswana citizen
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Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
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Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
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earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
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eference to the Okavango Delta regi
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With regards to tourist/visitor num
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European and North American origin,
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most direct economic impacts of tou
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Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
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tend to vary in terms of standards
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Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
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validated by the Tawana Land Board
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companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
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Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
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Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
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indicates that Botswana has more ar
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6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
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weakest with agriculture, construct
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As noted earlier, the greater major
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Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
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evenue collection from the various
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Despite these conflicting employmen
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According to the study carried out
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management positions in the tourism
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Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
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Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
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CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
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natural resources of water and pris
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According to personal interviews co
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• • • • • • • • Dea
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Experience shows that some animals,
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inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
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control is vested with central gove
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conservation area. This led to conf
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Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
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Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
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Botswana because populations of bot
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Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
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different products, wood is perhaps
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Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
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populations in the rivers have drop
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The importance of people remaining
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CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
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Page 349 and 350: • • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
Page 351 and 352: Leases are given for 15 year period
Page 353 and 354: Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
Page 355 and 356: 7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
Page 357 and 358: at the same time allowing them to d
Page 359 and 360: eports on financial management and
Page 361 and 362: Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
Page 363 and 364: their land, etc., such as cash, mea
Page 365 and 366: 7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
Page 367 and 368: 8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
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Page 371 and 372: are left to perform all the traditi
Page 373 and 374: 8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
Page 375 and 376: the country. As a result, it is ass
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Page 379 and 380: According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
Page 381 and 382: 8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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Page 400 and 401: • Development of monitoring syste
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Page 404 and 405: CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
Page 406 and 407: circumstances, the impacts of touri
Page 408 and 409: For example, the government has gon
Page 410 and 411: As such, it is only recently that t
Page 412 and 413: According to Torres (1996), a wide
Page 414 and 415: of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
Page 416 and 417: Even though Botswana has developed
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Page 422 and 423: As such, this study has revealed th
Page 424 and 425: The development of tourism in the O
Page 426 and 427: 9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
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Page 430 and 431: Thirdly, almost the only interest e
Page 432 and 433: The following recommendations are p
Page 434 and 435: Activities common at this time incl
Page 436 and 437: knowledge to bring about sustainabl
Page 438 and 439: the entire Okavango River Basin, by
Page 440 and 441: 9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
Page 442 and 443: Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
Page 444 and 445: Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447: Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449:
Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
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Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 452 and 453:
Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455:
Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457:
Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459:
Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461:
Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
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Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
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Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467:
Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469:
Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
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Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
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Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
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Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477:
Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479:
Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
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Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
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APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
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Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
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State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
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10. Is the condition of the environ
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APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
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10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
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16. Do you think that the developme
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